Development Of Psychological Thoughts In The Philippines

Development Of Psychological thinkings In The FilipinosIt started during the 1980s. In the context of Filipino colonial education, Filipinos believe that scientific psychology came from the West. Murray Bartlett, an Ameri smoke schematic undergraduate psychology courses in the College of Education, University of the Philippines. American textbooks and English lecture were utilize as the medium of instruction. The good thing here is that literary writing was in Filipino verbiage that was in dominance. Francis Burton Harrisons policy of loss drawing card was too introduced during this time.1The works of del Pilar, Jacinto and Pardo de Tavera were rich sources of psychological theories notwithstanding though they were propagandists and not psychologists. explosive charge Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo menti mavend the term Psicologos del verbo Tagalog in his speech. They were not title holders in psychological science exclusively they relieve have this innate nature. The English la nguage and the American system of Education were the instruments utilize. During the twenties American psychology teachers were replaced by Filipinos.2The Philippine objection to uncritical importation of Americans Psychological models challenged whateverwhat of the Filipinos. The first strive was d matchless by Sinsiforo Padilla who took over from Alonzos position as a chairwoman at the University of the Philippines. Nevertheless, it was his colleague earthly doctoruel Carreon who took the cudgels for appropriate relevant psychological testing. 1926 he promulgated in New York his Ph.D. entitled the Philippine Studies in Mental Measurement. The arguments he presented was valid but the his wrong move was he published it in English. Nobody listened to him because during that time most of psychologists were ahead and they administered American tests. Some mum dower of Carreons message were modified to fit the Philippine context. change-apples-to-bananas3Isidoro Panlasigui iden tified the impudently culture of psychology. The troika generation of American brainwashed Filipino psychologists interchangeable Panlasigui. Due to this, Panlasigui admires America and it was absolvedly appearinged when he wrote about the psychology of the Filipino as he fought for the colonial language to be used.Alfredo V. Lagmay and his colleagues were sent to the get together States not to neutralize the de startlement. Lagmay canvas psychological science in Harvard where he was handy in the ara of Experi psychic psychology. He came plump for to the Philippines during the poor ferment under Hukbalahap with Luis Taruc, as the head. During that time, the part of psychological science in the University of the Philippines was part of the College of Education. It was and then Lagmays first move to transfer it to the College of Liberal Arts by changing the educational point of view to a much scientific keister of predilection. Experi psychogenic psychological scienc e is now an integral part of the undergraduate political platform in Philippine schools and it was because of him. The U.P Department of Psychology was perceived as manneral orientation form the 50s up to early 70s. His students continued some remarkable and square studies in the field.4The History and Lines of Filiations in Philippine Psychological ThoughtPsychology-AcademicThis tantrum of psychology became part of university curriculum under Francisco Benitez during 1922. It was first taught in the University of the Philippines as a part of the education curriculum. This is the check wherein several(prenominal) studies in psychology such as Experimental Psychology, Educational Psychology and Psychology of Advice Giving were introduced. It was said that the Western Psychology first entered the UP system but it was spread widely in UST (University of Sto. Tomas) and University of San Carlos in Cebu. During the year of 1954, Joseph Goertz established the Department of Psycho logy and used English as the medium of teaching. On the opposite hand, in the midst of its growth in Manila this chink was a desire introduced as a course in the University of St. Louis in Cordillera. It was facilitated by Fr. Evarist Louis a missionary priest.5Psychology-Academic PhilosophyHowever, Psychology-Academic Philosophy was established first at University of Sto. Tomas by Spaniards and improved by the Jesuits. This aspect was older than the aspect mentioned before. It started and founded in many universities like UST (University of Sto. Tomas) and other Spanish institutions like San Ignacio and San Jose. In such institutions the medical and philosophy courses started. The ideas and written records on that time were seen to be cerebrate to Psychology. In a deeper abbreviation those can contain the expressive style of breeding before. It implys the language , how the indio perceive the plan of ego ,its criticisms and the titleivities of the ancient civilization.E thnic PsychologyThe troika aspect of Psychology know as Ethnic Psychology. It originates from the Filipinos and by with(predicate) the influence of other countries. It is not solo older but as well as much complicated comp bed to the previous aspects. It has many strands to be entangled and one of those is the psychology that came from the Filipinos themselves. An indigenous psychology that is owned or influenced by other countries. The language is a cone attributing factor especially those activities that can show the collective experiences of Filipinos. The works of Jose Rizal and Isabelo de los Reyes were consisted of Filipino Psychology and it was greatly connected to the Psycho- medical Psychology of our forefathers.6 kindly PsychologyThe study of genial Psychology is outlined as a systematic study of the nature and causes of human genial deportment. Primarily, its concern is about human fond behavior. It includes a lot of matters regarding the individuals shock on oth er people, the processes of fond fundamental fundamental interaction and the relationship that exist mingled with individuals in the ball club. It is not bonny touch on with the nature of cordial behavior but in like manner with its causes. The study seeks to unravel the reasons and pre conditions of social behavior. It also depicts the analysis of social behavior in a dynamic management. It relies on methodologies, findings, experiments and surveys. In asking what the study is all about its 4 main concerns were also considered as a means of knowing it clearly. Basically it is about the disturb that one individual has on other, the impact that a group has on its members then vice versa and the impact of a group to another group.7In the context of the discipline in a working interpretation. Psychologists focus their anxiety in understanding the behavior of individuals within the context of golf club. It is primarily concerned with the understanding of the how and why in dividuals behave, think and feel as the centering they do. In dealing with behavior we mean feelings and thoughts as easy as glaring actions.8Consequently, it is specify as a scientific study of how a persons behavior, thoughts and feelings are influenced by several factors that can be real or imagined in the form or the presence of others. The field looks at behavior and mental processes including the social world in which we exist, as we are surrounded by other whom we are connected and by whom we are influenced in so many ways. It focuses on influence.9The definition of Social Psychology in the Filipino context was explained through the interview that I have conducted. correspond to Ms. Leslee Natividad from the Department of Social Sciences, University of the Philippines, Los Baos ,when I asked her what is the routine of Filipino Social Psychology in the deeper understanding of Filipino behavior? She gave me a definition to answer the question . for the first time we have to define first what Social Psychology is soSocial Psychology is the study of how individuals sham the society and how the society is affecting the individual .If were going to relate Filipino into that on how the Filipino is affected by the society that we have here in the Philippines and maybe in the world in general. Now the world and the Philippine society affect the Filipino individual. As a person, everything that we are experiencing nearly us. Things that we are seeing, things that we are hearing, things that are affecting each and every turn of our livelys that is part of Filipino Social Psychology. All of our behavior is shaped by the kinds of experiences that we have.103 Main Areas of Social PsychologySocial InfluenceIt is the way in which other people affect our behavior. It is a process through which the presence of others can directly or indirectly influence an individual. These are ways in which other people affect our behaviors through thoughts and actions. How w e are raised by certain people to whom we interact can affect our behavior. It varies with Conformity, Compliance and Obedience.Conformity which pertains to the changing of ones own behavior to to a greater extent nearly match the actions of others, Several studies suggest that individuals exit change their behavior to line up to those of the group. They can be influence by private vs. face-to-face gather Plus, the gender and culture. Compliance is the act of changing their behavior callable to another person or group asking them to change. Particularly, it happened when there is absence of authorization and power. Obedience is also a way of changing behavior at a direct order of an authority figure.Social CognitionIt is defined as the ways how people thinks about other people and how they act toward other individuals. It varies because of positionings which consist of the way a person feels and thinks as well a person behaves. Impression formation is also a part of cognitio n which is forming the first fellowship or judgment about a person seen for the first time. Attribution is the process of explaining self behavior or others. They use this to make sense of the social world through mental processes.11What was once called the objective world is a sort of Rorschach ink blot, into which each culture, lack system of science and religion, each type of personality, reads a meaning only remotely derived from the shape and color of the blot itself.In this aspect of judgment of are beauty are based on the way we think about things. There is no universal concept or characteristics of people and object that are beautiful for them. Whatever we see nigh us is as much the sum total or our biases, thoughts and feelings as it reflects what physically exist. Those perceptions are active process of selecting, organizing and interpreting various bits of reading so that we can create our reality.12Social interactionIt is a way of knowing the validatory and negative aspects of behavior. It is the area of Social Psychology which involves interaction and relationship between people. It includes prejudice which happens when an individual holds an unsupported and negative attitude towards other members of the society. It also varies with discrimination as treating people unalikely because of prejudice. appetite and loving, aggression were also developed here.13The liking and loving in our society known as interpersonal attraction is widely ob performd. Each one of us is attracted to some personalities in our society. It can be influenced and proved by the similarities, position, physical appearance and familiarity of two sexes14.The nature of aggression involves hurting others. It has been defined as any form of behavior directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment. (Baron and Richardson, 1993)According to psychologists they have identified three types of aggression. Firstly, is t he Person-oriented aggression wherein the main goal is on purpose hurt someone. Secondly, is Pro active aggression when an aggressive behavior is do to achieve some desired outcome like gaining possession of an object. Lastly, is oxidizable aggression is the reaction of an individual to an aggressive act.15In a positive way one of the best examples of pro social behavior is Altruism. It is a admirering behavior that is costly to an altruistic person. It is a desire to serve well hitherto there is no possible reward. It is always expected to weigh on empathy. Empathy is the ability to share emotions and understand another person.16Projects of Filipino PsychologyThe first chuck is to develop indigenous psychological concepts. Ethnic concepts and theories can be translated into another language but deviations in meaning give occur especially with respect to location. There were some concepts that Filipinos exhibited and some irrelevant researchers tried to analyze and study. The first was the concept of Shame or Hiya which was studied by Frank Lynch in 1961. Sibley during the 1965 analyze this behavior. During 1981 Salazar studied it soundly and said that it was a complete societal feeling that is not only passive but also active. He showed the external aspects hiyain, ikahiya at manghiya and also the internal aspect that involves the feelings and emotions like the act of kahiya hiya and mahiyain. The second concept was Fatalism or Bahala Na. Bostrom in 1968 was the first psychologist that render inquisitive about this Filipino behavior. He compared it with American Fatalism but in Filipino Psychology it has a different orientation. Before, Osias explained way back the 1940s that bahala na attitude is the combination of fatalism and determinism.On the other hand Lagmay corrected it and said that for him it is not about fatalism it is more of determination and courage to face unguaranteed times. Lastly, is the concept of Utang na Loob which was transl ated by Charles Kaut into English known as debt of gratitude. Enriquez disagreed and Holnsteiner gave his opinion that utang na loob is contractual.17The second project is utilization of indigenous research methods. The role of Santiago and Enriquez in expression a concept of Filipino oriented research was very master(prenominal). They suggested a model to be used in research. The model allow for serve as a guide of researchers of indigenous ways. It was divided into two scales. First is used in knowing the idea and diwa of an member of a society. It includes Pagmamasid, Pakikiramdam, Pagtatanung- tanong, Pasubok, Pagdalaw dalaw, Pagmamatyag, Pagsubaybay, Pakikialam at Pakikilahok. The other scale is for the researchers to know what will be the future or end of their study. They use several stages such as Pakikitungo, Pakikisama, Pakikisalamuha, Pakikibagay ,Pakikisangkot at PakikiisaThe third project is to create an authentic and appropriate social scientific psychology. In the deeper analysis of constructing a real version of social psychology social behavior is a mustiness. The society of Filipinos revolves smoothly because of their Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa. In dealing with both concepts it has been discovered that between the two pakikipagkapwa is more primary(prenominal) for Filipinos. It has a more deeper sense and implication. It means treating other people as fellow man. In English the context was changed. The word other perceiving the self and other self in an individualistic way.18The Bases of Filipino PsychologyPrimarily, Prior knowledge of Psychology was the first derriere of Filipinos for it involves important parts of Filipino Social Psychology. The knowledge of psychology Babaylan or Catalonan for the native-born Filipino people was an important part of Filipino Psychology. The Babaylan was the first Filipino psychologists. Aside from this were the prayers and whispers of various ethnic groups in the Philippines. Those were rich sou rces and stream of Filipinos prior knowledge of Psychology. We were also used in the psychology of the Filipino literature, even if it was expressed in oral or written way. It includes proverbs, stories and legends. The measure outs and attitudes that Filipinos inherited were significant bases of Psychology. It includes most of Ethnic Psychology.19Man and his ThoughtsThe second is the basis of man and his thoughts and it denotes natural endowment importance to man and his or her ideas. This is where Filipino Psychology and Psychology in the Philippines met. Filipino psychology was a part and always been a part of the worlds psychology. This basis has a clear influence of rational psychology that has been developed and improved in the University of Sto. Tomas. This was considered as traditional philosophy rooted in the ideas of Descartes and written works of Aristotle. Psychology is an aspect of Filipino Psychology as an academic discipline in some universities in the Philippines.2 0Period of changing mindIt was the third basis because it is associated with Filipino personality. There were a lot of bases seen in this period. Particularly, this basis was unornamented in the written works of some Filipino writers like Pedro Serrano Laktaw and Isabelo delos Reyes. Even before the psychology of language was seen in written outputs produced by Filipinos. It someways showed the shallow orientation of Filipino in terms of experiences in researching and conducting studies. Filipinos should not dampen their spirits instead they should hope for some improvements.Period of giving take to be to societal problemsThe time of giving importance to societal problems was the one-quarter basis because this serves as a avow of the society. Hartendorp is one of the American psychologists who become interested in our Psychology. The theory of Osias in 1940 is about the relation of language to the society and in connection of the knowledge of paralanguage in the actions of the i ndividuals. However, his period is also the time of some Filipino psychologists. In such a way Filipino Psychology have this sure basis and it includes the works of Isidoro Panlasigui, Sinsiforo Padilla and Alfredo Lagmay who all gave importance to the acts and capabilities of an individual.21Societal problemsProblems in the society were the fifth bases because it gave value for improvement and development. Aldaba- Lim is known for giving superior value in societal problems. He often encourages Filipino psychologists to listen to the problems of the society. All doubts in his inscription will vanished if a person will examine all his efforts and division in some of his researches in Psychology. The period of Activism served as a witness of this basis. speech, culture and Point of viewLanguage, culture and Point of view were the ordinal bases because it is the most fundamental of all bases.Filipino language and dialect is very significant because it is a witness in the many studi es conducted and translated into foreign language. The field must still use medium, system and ways to guarantee the wide oscilloscope of study. Regarding culture there are none or very fewer Filipinos who still doubt about the language and culture of the Philippines. According to some professors and psychologists there was this acquiescence effect in the can be seen in a scale used and answered by Filipinos. The American perspective was used in analyzing this. It must be done primarily in a Filipino oriented point of view.22The Concept of LanguageThe concept of topical anaesthetic language as a source of concept for Filipinos is a accommodating tool because it gives a clear connection to their culture. Language is not just one effective way of communication but also a rich source of information. It is an affluent basis for the better understanding and orientation of culture. It is suggested to formulate a certain Filipino concept from the broader and wider scope it has. Languag e is the primary source in the study of Social Psychology of Filipinos.The native language is a rich source of concepts meaningful for and significant to the local anaesthetic anesthetic culture. As a source of insight, some concepts were proven to be important in understanding the Filipino personality, worldview and behavior. Some of those were the concepts of hiya(shame), utang na loob(debt of gratitude) , pakikisama(yielding to the will of the leader or the majority, bahala na (fatalism) and amor propio (sensitivity to personal affront) which even some American psychologists attempt to study those.The problem with the token use of Filipino psychological concepts in the context of a Hesperian analysis is that it can lead to the distortion of Philippine social reality and can affect the education of Filipinos.It still preferable to use the language as a main resource.23 intimately Filipinos speak Filipino, the national language and English, the language for commercial and legal transactions. The Philippines is the worlds third largest English-speaking country, after the United States and the United Kingdom. Literacy rate is a high 96%.Approximately 111 languages and dialects are spoken in the country and most Manileos speak at least one other dialect likewise Filipino.24The Concept of KapwaThe concept of kapwa in Filipinos is an important aspect of Filipino social life. Kapwa is reflected because interaction among other individuals especially in the Philippines is an essential aspect of social life. Language reveals a lot about Filipino nature. For this reason, social interaction should be an evocative core of analysis in the process of classifying the concept of kapwa. The Filipino language in this notch, gives a conceptual division in several levels and modes of social interaction. Santiago and Enriquez identified eight in Filipino.The Levels of InteractionInteraction of Filipinos were categorized into levels namely pakikitungo (transaction/civility wi th), pakikisalamuha (inter-action with), pakikilahok (joining/participating), pakikibagay (in- conformity with/ in- accord with), pakikisama (being on with), pakikipagpalagayan/pakikipagmalagayang-loob (being in rapport), pakikisangkot (getting involved) and pakikiisa (being one with).25The concept of Kapwa as a shared sexual self turns out to be very essential psychologically and philosophically speaking. While pagtutunguhan (dealing with/acting toward) is another term which can be used to refer to all levels of interaction. Besides, pagtutunguhan also connotes the most superficial level of interaction the level of amenities while pakikipagkapwa refers to humanness at its highest level(Santiago,1976)26On the other hand deflexion from the concept of kapwa According to Russell, In 1922 there were several explanations in essay forms about the high Filipino Self Concept. nonpareil of the most ordinary is it being the character of race as Filipinos got from the Malays. In 1965 Fox s aid that this is a trait of Filipino culture that is remunerative to be in the social context because of its fortitude to produce nearly family ties. .27The Concept of Human InteractionThe concept of Human Interaction includes the line between (Pakikisama or Pakikipagkapwa?) It is an essential part because it is very consistent in Filipinos. Aside from the good sides of interaction, previous work on Philippine value pointed our three evil characters in Philippine interpersonal relations. These are the walang pakisama (one unwieldy at the level of adjustment) the walang hiya, (one who lacks a sense of propriety and the walang utang na loob, (one who lacks rapidness in reciprocating by way of gratitude.In a deeper analysis some studies were conducted, It was argued that pakikipagkapwa is more important for Filipinos. According to Enriquez, in spite of the fact that western psychology works in the Philippines, the use of Filipino has led to the acknowledgement of the value pakikip agkapwa which is more important that pakikisama. The barkada (peer group) would not be happy with the walang pakikisama but the Philippine society at large cannot accept the walang kapwa tao. Pakikipagkapwa is both a paninindigan (conviction) and a value. It includes all the other mentioned modes and levels of interaction. Pakikisama is a form of pakikipagkapwa but not the other way around. In fact pakikisalamuha is even closer than pakikisama in meaning to pakikipagkapwa.28Application of Filipino Social PsychologyFilipino civilizationThe Social, Political, Ideational dimensions are diverse into aspects which were exhibited by Filipinos. The study of the customs and beliefs of Filipinos serves as a function of social and economic dimension of Filipino culture. The Philippine culture is such very rich. It was very evident in the pursuance ways. In courtship and marriage most of the Filipinos regard this as a process of love as a parental skirmish. The marriage is the family affair which is measured as a success based on the soma of children. Filipinos also believe in Babaylans and Catalonan which were said to posses ghostlike powers to supplicate God. They were also fond of charms and they believe that when they perform their rites particularly on the Good Friday they will gain magical powers like anting-anting, lucky cards, stones and other stuffs. As a part of their social life they celebrate feasts to commemorate important events like Fiestas, Holy Week, New Year, Christmas and etc. It really played an essential role in the economic security and social solidarity of Filipinos. They are also known for their superstitious beliefs which are greatly connected to their rituals and ceremonies.In connection to supernatural beings they follow these beliefs to avoid bad luck. It was seen in birth, illness and death which visualise the psyche of Filipinos. In religion when Christianity was introduced by Spaniards, it became a driving coerce to the life of the Filipinos. They were also thoughtful especially when someone is sick and in need. They are afraid of what other people might say. Some of their practices include giving dowry, carrying of guns, choice of padrino and carrying bow and arrows, sibat and kris. During the time of our ethnic groups laws were also do with regards to property ownership an settling arguments.29Filipino ValuesFilipinos use determine to fill the demand for democracy. The Filipinos are known to be hospitable. But aside from this trait, there are many other values that the Filipinos possess which help them live harmoniously with their neighbors. These have also made the Filipinos appealing towards others due to their pleasant demeanor. The following are some of the Filipino values such as Bayanihan is the creation of an association with neighbors and helping whenever one is in fatal need. Close Family Ties are something the Filipinos are well-known for. The primary social eudaimonia system for the Filipino i s the family. Many Filipinos live near their family for most of their lives, even as independent adults. Pakikisama or harmony, involves getting along with others to preserve a harmonious relationship. Hiya is shame and a motivating factor behind behavior. It is a sense of social decency and compliance to public norms and behavior. Filipinos believe they must live up to the trustworthy standards of behavior and if they fail to do so they take aim shame not only upon themselves, but also upon their family. Utang na Loob or Debt of Gratitude, is owed by one to a person who has helped him great. There is a local saying Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalinangan ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan, meaning, One who does not look back o where he started, will no get to where he is going.Amor Propio is concern for self image. Filipinos believe that how they present themselves to others is an important aspect to be accepted in society. Delicadeza or sense of propriety refers to sens itivity regarding the limits of proper behavior or ethics in a situation. Filipinos try to avoid even the appearance of impropriety. Palabra de Honor or word of honor is very important to the Filipinos. They believe that one must keep their word whenever they make a promise for the person to whom one has made a promise will count on it.30Filipino FamilyThe study of Filipino Family is valuable because they value family relationship. In a traditional Filipino family, the father is considered the head and the provider of the family while the mother takes responsibility of the domestic needs and in charge of the emotional growth and values formation of the children. Children see their mot