Making a Case for Premarital Education

Based on current information gathered from empirical analysis, professional/public opinion, and rational debate, Stanley (2001) constructed four arguments that support an increased need for premarital counseling. The arguments were â€Å" presented for the plausible benefits of engaging in premarital preventive efforts on a broad scale† (Stanley, 2001, p. 272). The author’s arguments include: 1. Using premarital strategies to slow couples down in an effort to allow them time get to know one another better before jumping into marriage. . Using premarital counseling strategies to emphasize the importance of the marital union and the long-term family and societal consequences attached to the decision to marry. 3. The use of premarital strategies will demonstrate that there are resources available to assist couples when they start to experience marital discord. 4. Couples participation in premarital education programs are less likely to have marital problems and are less li kely to divorce (Stanley, 2001).Stanley (2001) presents the arguments as possible research programs that could be studied further to help develop a better understanding of what strategies can be implemented to lower and/or prevent divorce and decrease marital distress. Scott Stanley makes some compelling arguments for the need of premarital counseling and places emphasis on all of society taking an attitude of prevention in regards to developing strategies to effectively deal with the high divorce rate and high levels of marital discord that our country is currently battling.While the arguments have a sound basis are very rational, they lack validity from empirical research. Stanley (2001) acknowledges the need for more empirical research is needed to determine how to successfully prevent marital distress for society as a whole and lower the current divorce rates. Silliman and Schumm (2000) support the need for more research on this topic when they discuss how further attention to t heoretical frameworks to guide premarital counseling is needed although the research and practice of premarital counseling have already been established.A high rate of divorce is one of many social problems affecting society today. Stanley (2001) states, â€Å"it is estimated that approximately 40% or more of new marriages among the younger generation will eventually end in divorce† (p. 272). There currently seems to be a push to put things in place to help prevent marital and family breakdown and the suggestion that couples should be required to undergo premarital education to help improve and prevent marital distress.Risch et al (2003) support the use of premarital counseling when they state, â€Å"marriage preparation programs have been used by practitioners and couples for decades, generally speaking programs aim to enhance the quality and stability of marriages and the content is chosen with this goal in mind† (p. 2). This preventative approach is an area that is receiving much attention worldwide as some governmental units are requiring premarital counseling as a means to reduce divorce and strengthen families† (Stahmann, 2000, p. 104).It is certainly advantageous to have preventative programs in place to assist couples who make a commitment to the union of marriage. This union affects the couple directly, their growing family, their separate families, and society as a whole. Premarital counseling strategies can be viewed as society’s commitment towards promotion and the attainment of a happy and healthy life. Anything preventative should be viewed as worthwhile means to the end. While new research is being developed, there is a lot to say for taking the necessary steps to put preventative measures in place to deal with what is currently known about the topic.Premarital counseling should be viewed as a practice to promote general health to the entire family system. The preventative measures associated with these strategies can cleanse the entire family system as they can assist in the decrease in marital discord and divorce, which have a cause and affect relationship with domestic violence, child abuse, and mental health issues related to the consequence of a broken marriage. This is a good example of how â€Å"an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure† (Benjamin Franklin).

Analysis of Sonny’s Blues by James Baldwin

â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by author James Baldwin tells the tale of two brothers; one good and one evil. The narrator paints the two brothers as â€Å"light† and â€Å"dark†. The author James Baldwin writes about his relationship with his brother Sonny whom was the â€Å"dark† brother. In essence, this story is about the struggle of two black brothers growing up in Harlem. This essay incorporates the struggles that Black men and women go through on a daily basis. Though both brothers were from the ghetto, the narrator seems to have assimilated into the larger society/culture; he was a school teacher doing generally well in what we call life. Sonny on the other hand turned to drugs (heroin) to escape from the pain and suffering he endured growing up a black man in the 1950’s. â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† also tells the reader about how art and music was a huge part of Black people’s lives in Harlem. Many looked towards music for an escape; Sonny turned towards Jazz to release his pain and anguish. This story does have a Biblical theme behind it. Like the story of light and darkness in the Bible, Baldwin uses these phrases to reference the life or the characters. One critic agrees with this Biblical interpretation; author James Tackach actually wrote a criticism called â€Å"the biblical foundation of James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Tackach’s interpretation was based on Baldwin’s real life. He expressed that Baldwin was born in the Church and therefore knew the Bible intimately. Tackach fells as though Baldwin uses his vast knowledge of Biblical stories to help tell the tale of Sonny and his brother. In Tackachs critical analysis of â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, he writes that no other critical analysis has identified the two main biblical texts that form the foundation of Baldwin’s story; the Cain and Abel story and the story of the Prodigal Son. In accordance with Tackachs criticism, I believe that that story did have a Biblical undertone like the two stories listed above. Both stories, Cain and Abel and The Prodigal Son, have the same plot as â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†. All of these stories are brothers fighting with one another and each brother in all of three stories has the â€Å"good† and the â€Å"bad† qualities about them. Like previously stated, Sonny was the good brother; so were the Prodigal son and Cain. Tackach also talked about the â€Å"cup of trembling† which was a Biblical term that symbolizes sinners that were now redeemed. When the narrator sends Sonny a drink at the end of the story, he claims that it is like the â€Å"cup of trembling†. This is another term taken from the Bible to symbolize the relationship between the two brothers. Tackach seems to use biographical and historical criticism when breaking down the story of â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†. Like Tackachs, Michael Clark’s criticism ‘Light and Darkness in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ also uses the â€Å"light† and â€Å"darkness† to describe the story. The â€Å"light† being the ‘good’ and the â€Å"dark† being the ‘bad’ qualities. Unlike Tackachs, Clark uses these terms to refer to the emotions felt by Sonny when he was on drugs, thinking about his life or when playing his piano; his jazz music. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, the narrator writes â€Å"I feel like a man who’s been trying to climb up out of some deep, real deep and funky hole and just saw the sun up there, outside. I got to get outside. † Clark uses the â€Å"funky hole† to describe the darkness and â€Å"the sun† to describe the light. To Clark, the whole story is about how Sonny feels and how his music portrays his emotions, his despair and finally his joy. I agree with Clark, It seems as though Sonny is always in pain or joyous. There seems to be no in between with him. Most of the time, Sonny is depressed or melancholy. He only finds real happiness in the last few sentences of the story. Sonny only expressed his joy when he is clean and playing his beloved piano. This did occur in the beginning of the story too, when Sonny moved into Isabelle’s house. Isabelle had a piano inside and Sonny seemed very happy to know this. Sonny played jazz music all the time until Isabelle and her family received a note saying that Sonny was missing school. After Sonny was scolded, he stopped playing the piano and began his journey through the darkness. He continued this until the end of the story when he finally kicked his habit. The â€Å"light† and the â€Å"darkness† analogy Clark used were perfect for this story because it captured the struggles Sonny went through, throughout the short story.

Hamlet Insanity Essay

During the chamber scene, Hamlet shows an insane side to not only his mother, but everyone else in the play. Hamlet clearly demonstrates how insane he is after killing Polonius and showing no remorse for his death. Another example of Hamlets insanity is during the chamber scene, when Hamlet’s talking to his mother, the ghost appears talking to Hamlet, but the queen couldn’t see the ghost, only Hamlet could see his fathers ghost. These examples show how crazy, and insane Hamlet is not only in the chamber scene, but throughout the play. Hamlet clearly demonstrates how insane he is after killing Polonius and showing no remorse for his death. Right before Hamlet entered the chamber to talk to his mother, Polonius explains to the queen that he will be hiding and ease dropping on their conversation, to find out the real reason for Hamlet erratic behavior. Hamlet enters the chamber, on a rampage after finding Claudius guilty of killing his father and also seeing him trying to pray. Hamlet goes off on his mother when she says, â€Å"Hamlet, thou hast thy father much offended† (l. 10). That also triggered his anger to the point where the queen feared for her life and as told to do so, she yelled for help. Polonius tries to come out from behind the curtain and before you know it, he was stabbed by Hamlet. At this point, after he stabbed Polonius, killing him, Hamlet first thought it was Claudius that was hiding behind the curtain. Later finding out it was Claudius, Hamlet says, â€Å"A bloody dead– almost as bad, good mother, as killing a king, and marry with his brother† (l. 27-28). You would think that Hamlet would be scared for his life after realizing he killed someone. Not Hamlet, he just continues on with his conversation with the queen about how crazy it is that she remarried so soon. Hamlet showing no remorse for killing someone shows that he is not mental stable and doesn’t realize what just happened. When Hamlet’s talking to his mother, the ghost appears talking to Hamlet, but the queen couldn’t see the ghost, only Hamlet could see his fathers ghost. After the queen finding out that her â€Å"new† husband is a murderer, the ghost reappears in the chamber, reminding Hamlet to not harm his mother because she had nothing to do with anything. Hamlet is trying to explain to his mother by saying, â€Å"To whom do you speak this? Do you see nothing there? Nothing at all, yet all that is I see. Nor did you nothing hear? No, nothing but ourselves† (l. 135- 139). To the queen, she thinks Hamlet’s gone mad, but Hamlet tries to explain himself to her by saying he saw the ghost and that its his father talking to him. Hamlet’s mother doesn’t know what to believe at this point. She doesn’t want Hamlet killing her, so she agrees with whatever Hamlet says. The queen fears for her own life, and that is why the readers think that this is why she agrees with Hamlet. Hamlet insanity takes over his life and he soon finds himself struggling to find what makes sense and what doesn’t. The chamber scene is one of the most important scenes that prove to the readers that Hamlet is crazy. Even though Hamlet tries to prove himself to not be crazy, he just can’t convince his mother, or Ophelia, or anyone else in the play that he isn’t crazy. In the beginning of the play, he shows little signs of being insane, but as you progress throughout the play, you realize that Hamlet is not mentally stable by his actions and words.

Political Science 3991 A1 (2) Institutional Role of the State to Make Essay

Political Science 3991 A1 (2) Institutional Role of the State to Make Trade Possible - Essay Example The government of United States played a significant role in the growth of infrastructure as well as technology. The nation undertakes various regulatory as well as social functions for the development of the economy. The state has an important role to play in the market The US government plays a vital role for ensuring the development of its economy. The state ensures that there is a free flow of credit for the development of the groups which are not effectively served. It also undertakes steps to provide an amount of credit for the development of small entrepreneurs and imports as well as exports services. The government or the overall nation has also been involved with the tasks of developing the infrastructure as well as technology for the progress of the economy. The revenue collected by the government is transferred among the income classes by the tax system as well as outlays. The government generally pursues a vertical redistribution of income which assists the elder people t hrough the social security programs. The US government influences the economy through its tax collection systems such as charging more taxes on products which are identified to be obsolete. It controls numerous economic activities for the progress of the economy of the country. The nation has played a significant part in the development of economy as along with providing social services. ... he state formulate plans as well as undertake steps for the development of economy which will help in enhancing the trade in the global market (Labonte, 2010). The institutional role of the state to make trade possible The US government has undertaken various plans as well as actions for the improvement of economy of the country. The state has adopted various steps for ensuring free flow of financial supports for the improvement of the society as well as overall economy. The government has played a vital part towards developing its economy by providing financial support for enhancing exports as well as imports. It made attempts towards the development of small business entrepreneurs for enhancing trade as well as market. The trade practices of the state should be fair as well as efficient for its enhancement at the international level. The government regulates the financial sectors for free flow of credit for the purpose of providing assistance to the under developed sectors for impr oving the economic conditions as well as trade (Stiglitz, 2006). The trade of goods as well as services in between the countries entails numerous costs. Transaction cost is identified to be one such cost and is considered to be a direct cost which is believed to be associated with trade. It is a cost which is charged on the profit earned for the trade of goods as well as services. The transaction cost is classified into three stages of which the first stage is supposed to be contact and signifies that the buyer looks for information about the product of the supplier with the intention to trade. Traders in this stage carry on with exploration of information in relation to the trade that is planned to be performed. In the similar context, transaction cost is believed to be associated with the

HRM Policies of Microsoft Incorporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HRM Policies of Microsoft Incorporation - Essay Example The present research has identified that the role of HRM is significant in this respect, where it synchronizes employees’ potential with company’s objective. The sales team looks from a perspective of sales generation alone however, the HR team looks through a broader window to cover customer intentions and corporate environment to synchronize the company’s strategy with the market needs. As said earlier that HRM is a very diverse and broad subject, therefore, the fields of supply chain management, promotion and marketing strategies, recruitment and employee satisfaction all fall in the domain of HRM. Therefore it can be said, that no matter what the size and nature of the company is, the unit of HRM cannot be separated from the management as it is integrated with all the functional units of the company. Moreover, factors of globalization and inflation crisis have intensified internal and external competition for a company. The internal competition is between emp loyees battling for higher costs and benefits. This has further augmented the role of HRM in the internal matters of the company, to ensure sound working environment and ethical practices. This illustrates that the bigger the company the more will be the need for proper HRM. Microsoft is the leading name in the IT world that changed the trend in computing through its tremendous technology of Windows Operating System. It has set many landmarks since its date of foundation in 1975, by Bill Gates (Chairman) and Paul Allen. The key aim of the company is to provide computing solutions that are accessible and handy for all. Their technology, following this mission, has been able to earn huge acceptance and has taken Microsoft to heights that no other company had ever touched.

Construction Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Construction Law - Assignment Example There are many requirements for the formation of a company in London, as guided by rules and regulations. The formation of the company will start off from the formulation of a unique company name, as regulated by London authorities. There will be a search of the Company House’s register to ensure that the formulated company name does not exist in the register or be closely similar to another company’s name (Gregory, 2014). The company name must not contain misleading words or expressions and must not suggest any connection with the government or other authorities in West London. This will ensure that there is no infringement of copyright and intellectual property rights, as well as adherence to the provisions by the Company House. Before registering the company’s name, there will be a consultation or check with the trade mark register to ensure that it can be registered as a trade mark. There will be development of a business name, as formulated from the register ed company name to facilitate easier conducting of business activities. The formulation of the company name, trade mark and business will result from extensive consultations and agreement amongst all the associates, in the form of consensus where every associate will provide suggestions to each of the three (Gregory, 2014). On the other hand, the registration of the company will be followed by the development of a unique company address as required by the Company House, HM Revenue and Customs, and other concerned authorities, as well as an address for clients. The company address will be a physical address registered in London, which is the planned company’s location. This will ease the management of corporation tax and the accessibility of the company in the Company House’s register. Each of the associates will become a director and shareholder of

The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Research Paper

The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams - Research Paper Example The Wingfield family is torn apart due to the failings of its breadwinner – Mr. Wingfield. The play has garnered critical acclaim both as a work of written word as well as an enacted play. The further adaptation of this play into a movie is a testament to its enduring essence. But many critics believe that the play is best experienced through theatre performances. Consequently, many production houses have performed it time and over during the last seventy odd years. The intricate design of the plot and superlative performances from star casts of previous productions is now part of legend. Laurette Taylor’s performance as Amanda Wingfield is now acknowledged by many veterans as the best of the century. Just as the powerful script and excellent acting contributes to the success of the play, so does the direction, visualization, music, sound effects and other technical features. The rest of this essay will present the ideal approach to each of these facets to the play, so that the end product would capture all the definitive qualities behind the play’s resounding success. There are a few things to remember while choosing the cast for the play. The character of Amanda is central to the play and it should be assigned to someone who can portray the rugged southern belle image. She should be a strident and bold personality to fit with the description of someone who drove her husband away. The accent too should be spot on to reflect the southern mindset and sensibility. The actor playing Tom Wingfield should reflect the dreamy nature of his character, because he has to deliver the dialogues and monologues equally efficiently. The final speech by Tom in the final act of the play is especially crucial to the overall effectiveness of the play, for this passage is one of the most poetic, intensive and poignant in the entire play. The virginal daughter Laura Wingfield is someone whose dreams are as fragile as the animals in her precious glass collection. The actor for this role should thus play with sensitivity and a restrained sense of quiet tragedy. The chall enge in shaping the character of Tom is to bring to life the idea that the viewer is watching Tom turn his memories, his pain and guilt, into a work of art. To this extent it could be said that author Tennessee Williams was attempting to create a non-realistic theatre, using the literary devices and technical production tools available to him in the 1940s. Hence, modern productions of the play can incorporate some changes, without actually losing the essence of the narrative. For example, rather than a typewriter, Tom's means of turning the stuff of his life into art can be through a video camera. It can always be with him, even when he's disengaged from the action or sets the camera down momentarily. The other characters are seen from Tom's viewpoint, and the projections of what he sees come to represent the layers of his memory. By removing the burden of realism, one is able to hear the play anew. Coming to the scenic design, the director should ask ‘To what degree do we wan t to follow Williams's copious stage directions about lights, clothes, projections and so on?’ The fact that walls and furniture don't seem to be that useful for actors, makes the director look for less literal ways of solving the world of the play – in other words, capturing its essence without total adherence to author’s original and preferred mise-en-scenes. Lighting design for the play can also be challenging at times. For

Transforming Into a Transformational Leader Dissertation

Transforming Into a Transformational Leader - Dissertation Example One charismatic man, who worked as a mechanic during that time recently traced my brother-in-law as he now owns a multi million dollar company in Africa that is involved in large scale car repair. My brother-in-law inspired a worker but built a leader at the end of it all. I instantly wanted and still want to be just like him, a transformational leader. Transformational leadership is a leadership style that focuses on ensuring change that is revolutionary to an organisation by being committed to the vision of the organisation. Transformational leaders ensure this by redefining employees’ objectives, goals, visions and missions. These leaders renew their subordinates’ commitments and restructure their strategies towards attaining goals by stimulating each other and inspiring their followers to become leaders as leaders grow into moral aides (Sullivan and Decker, 2005). Over the years, I have learnt that emotional intelligence is a prerequisite to any transformational lea der. All the transformational leaders have a high level of emotional intelligence as it is what gives them the ability to accurately perceive and express emotion. Emotional intelligence is what gives transformational leaders the ability to access and generate thought feelings, to understand emotional knowledge and their ability to regulate emotions and ensure intellectual growth. Emotional intelligence incorporates the moral capacity of a leader (Bass, 1990) I would like to mature into the president of my current organisation, Blue Cross Blue Shield. To attain this position I have been cultivating my emotional intelligence where by my self awareness, motivation, self regulation, empathy and social skills. This means that for me to become an excellent transformational leader, I have to develop a high degree of understanding in what I am feeling, what it means and their potential positive or negative repercussions. Emotional intelligence will also support me in attaining measurable re sults when I become the president of Blue Cross Blue Shield. Since I got my job at Blue Cross Blue Shield, my major job description has been to train new and permanent employees to bring out the best in them and upgrading them to my organisation’s assets. I would like to grow further into a leader that put extra influence on employees by expanding the horizons in terms of goals. This would be done by elevating their confidence to perform and deliver more than what their expectations dictate (Conger and Kanungo, 1994). Naturally I am a charismatic fellow who arouses admiration. This is a strong quality that will provide intellectual stimulation, inspire and motivate my employees through the treating them with consideration individually. With expression of this behaviour the, by the time I graduate into the President of Blue Cross Blue Shield I would easily inspire my employees to attain their full maximum potential and display high levels of performance. I also have strong tec hnical skills and intellectual capabilities which would help me guiding employees in technical work. My remarkable high degree of self awareness and emotional intelligence helps me in detecting my strongest and weakest points. This can help in regulation my leadership abilities (Lussier and Achua, 2004). Like my brother-in-law, I have high determination and vision however my weakness lies here because I have not learnt how to use it evaluate my employees

Discourse with an Atheist Who Beleives That Gos Does Not Exist Essay

Discourse with an Atheist Who Beleives That Gos Does Not Exist - Essay Example For instance, evolution does not explain the forces that combined the hydrogen and oxygen molecules and dust particles to form the primordial cell. Likewise, the causes and reacting elements that triggered the Big Bang or the star’s withdrawal of elements from the sun, as is alleged in the Star-Tidal theory are not cogently identified in non-creationist theories. Even non-creationist theories have to take a leap of faith in investigating the origin of life forms (Mongrain, 2011, 205). Contrary to the above, no one can repudiate the fact that the world, the universe and life forms are too complex to have been brought about by random chance. The intricate network of the blood vessels in mammals (especially man), the universal order and man’s linguistic capabilities, are just some of the indicators of an intelligent Being who must have designed the universe. Had the Star-Tidal or the Big Bang incident brought the universe and life forms into existence, chances for this str iking order would be zero (1/?). Logically, if God exists, then His interactions with His creation will be inevitable, and the vestiges of these interactions may also be notable. Still, these requirements are consistent with the Biblical notion of God’s existence. Particularly, there are indicators of the universal or the Noahic flood, just as the Bible alleges that the flood took place around 4,300 BC. For instance, the multiple sources and traditions of the worldwide deluge as is seen in the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Rig Veda and Ovid’s Metamorphosis and the Chinese’s Book of Knowledge, among others provide the Noahic flood with multiple attestations. Particularly, there are over 240 literature and traditions which mention the worldwide flood. The slight disparities among the accounts do not really discount the plausibility of a universal flood having taken place. Instead, the numerous accounts corroborate it. 2) A case for Jesus' claim to be God and for His resu rrection That Jesus claimed to be God is directly settled in many references. Some of these references include: Matthew 12:6-8 (He refers to Himself as the Initiator of the Sabbath); Mark 2:1, 2, 10 (He forgives sins); Matthew 7:21-23 (He is the ultimate Judge who can render eternal damnation); Mathew 14:33 and John 9:38 (He accepts worship). Conversely, Christ’s claim to be God is expressly seen in the instance where He takes up God’s name and therefore equating Himself with God, in John 8:23-4. In Exodus 3:12-14, God reveals Himself to Moses, with the name I AM. In His discourse with the Pharisees and the rest of the Jews, Jesus does not only claim to have preceded Abraham, but also takes on the name; I AM (Williams, 2010, 27). In Mark 2:1, 2 and 10, before healing a paralytic, Jesus speaks of having forgiven the young man’s sins. The Scribes and those gathered there charged (rightly) in their hearts that only God had the power to forgive sins. To validate His claim of having the power to forgive sins, Jesus heals the paralytic. The crux of the matter herein is that while it is easy for any one to claim to have the power to forgive sins, He healed the paralytic as proof to His ability to forgive sins. Logically, a man’s words just before his death are usually taken seriously, especially when the actor or speaker is aware that he is on the brink of death. At this instance, an individual weighs his words and deeds carefully because of the knowledge of the irreversible nature of death and the eternal state that

Benefits of Integrating Fossil and Molecular Data Essay - 6

Benefits of Integrating Fossil and Molecular Data - Essay Example As explained by Neil Shubin, the occurrence of hiccups is as a result of the brain generating some electrical signals. Amphibian brains generate similar hiccups because they helped them to maintain a steady opening of their gills. Since we are products of evolution, our brains still generate similar hiccups. Recent research indicates that the level of obesity incidences is on the rise. This is as a result of the change in lifestyles and eating habits among individuals. On a closer look, Neil Shubin claims that the genes of our bodies were made to adapt to the rather active life of hunting and gathering as opposed to the relaxed modern living. Moreover, Shubin states that the evolution of the voice box has left many people vulnerable to breathing and swallowing problems. This is an indication that cells of living organisms are not fully adapted to their environment hence they are still evolving. In the analysis of the molecular structures, Shubin found out that somebody parts resemble d those of the early life forms. For example, the fins of early amphibians showed the clear resemblance to those of the human hands. Also, a fossil of a fish’s back-born indicated a resemblance to that of a human being. Neil Shubin further explained that our body cells function like bacteria and also our heads are organized in a similar manner to those of the jawless fish. This is a clear indication that human beings actually evolved from fish. Using the integration of fossil and molecular data, Shubin has been able to criticize the religious beliefs of the existence of a supreme being. Due to evolution, about 300 genes designed for the smell in human beings has been rendered useless. This prompted him to question the idea of the perfection of a Supreme Being claiming that if God is in existence, why would he create about 300 useless genes? Therefore, in the book ‘Your inner fish’,

Dyscalculia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dyscalculia - Essay Example Some researchers declared that it is a biological trouble related to brain, some believe that emotional problems are contributing to this disorder; some psychologists declared it, a result of overall low intelligence of children and some say mathematical anxiety is causing this problem. Hence there are a lot of views regarding dyscalculia. A lot of researches have been made to identify the reason causing dyscalculia, yet it is not clear what actually is making it difficult for the children to understand mathematics. Whatsoever is causing dyscalculia; the methods to resolve this problem must be defined and implemented in schools for such children. A person needs to identify whether the problem exists or not before solving it. The first step in helping such children is to examine if the child is having dyscalculia or is it just because of lack of attention and interest. Three methods are defined to diagnose dyscalculia. However one out of those three techniques is considered effective. Two of them evaluate the tendency of a child of solving mathematical problems. These techniques diagnose dyscalculia by considering the errors made by the child and the time taken by the child to solve basic mathematical sums. While solving mathematical problems, a child may be influenced by the environment and other changes. The techniques to diagnose dyscalculia must not be a normal mathematics test as a child may be weak mentally i.e. he may have low aptitude level. The child may be distracted due to some other activity and errors may occur due to some misunderstanding and less power to learn and fathom questions easily. Therefore, the most effective technique is considered to be 'The dyscalculia Screener', which is developed by Butterworth, 2003. This screener is designed to diagnose dyscalculia among the children between the ages of 6 to 14. There are certain mathematical skills that human beings adopt automatically from the nature. For example, a person may easily identify that a set of data contains a numeric value, 6 is less than 7 and counting (2 comes after 1). Dyscalculia is basically designed to carry out if the child is lacking inherent numerical knowledge. This software program is designed with three different groups. The first group is named as dot enumeration, second is called as number comparison and third is arithmetic achievement. The screener shows the weaknesses of a child in the natural human mathematics skills. If a child is performing at a low level in dot enumeration and number comparison and has medium performance in arithmetic then he has dyscalculia. In contrast, if he's perf orming at a high level in dot enumeration and number comparison but performing badly in arithmetic test, he's just bad at arithmetic know-how. Despite of the importance of this screener, it is not considered to be the most successful idea. The price offered to schools is higher than the budget of schools which rely on funds. On the other hand, some schools do not take note of its usefulness and hence despite of having enough finance they do not purchase this helpful and efficient tool. People having dyscalculia are also affected socially because we need

Financial management Essay Example for Free

Financial management Essay Q1. What are the goals of financial management? Ans. Financial management means maximization of economic welfare of its shareholders. Maximization of economic welfare means maximization of wealth of its shareholders. Shareholder’s wealth maximization is reflected in the market value of the firm’s shares. Experts believe that, the goal of financial management is attained when it maximizes the market value of shares. There are two versions of the goals of financial management of the firm- Profit Maximization and Wealth Maximization. Profit maximization Profit maximization is based on the cardinal rule of efficiency. Its goal is to maximize the returns with the best output and price levels. A firm’s performance is evaluated in terms of profitability. Profit maximization is the traditional and narrow approach, which aims at maximizing the profit of the concern. Allocation of resources and investor’s perception of the company’s performance can be traced to the goal of profit maximization. Wealth maximization The term wealth means shareholder’s wealth or the wealth of the persons those who are involved in the business concern. Wealth maximization is those who are involved in the business concern. Wealth maximization is also known as value maximization or net present worth maximization. This objective is an universally accepted concept in the field of business. Wealth maximization is possible only when the company pursues policies that would increase the market value of shares of the company. It has been accepted by the finance managers as it overcomes the limitations of profit maximization. The following arguments are in support of the superiority of wealth maximization over profit maximization: * Wealth maximization is based on the concept of cash flows. Cash flows are a reality and not based on any subjective interpretation. On the other hand, profit maximization is based on any subjective interpretation. On the other hand, profit maximization is based on accounting profit and it also contains many subjective elements. * Wealth maximization considers time value of money. Time value of money translates cash flow occurring at different periods into a comparable value at zero period. In this process, the quality of cash flow is considered critical in all decisions as it incorporates the risk associated with the cash flow stream. It finally crystallizes into the rate of return that will motivate investors to part with their hard earned savings. Maximizing the wealth of the shareholders means net present value of the decisions implemented. Q2. Explain the factors affecting Financial Plan. Ans. To help your organization succeed, you should develop a plan that needs to be followed. This applies to starting the company, developing new product, creating a new department or any undertaking that affects the company’s future. There are several factors that affect planning in an organization. To create an efficient plan, you need to understand the factors involved in the planning process. Organizational planning is affected by many factors: Priorities In most companies, the priority is generating revenue, and this priority can sometimes interfere with the planning process of any project. When you start the planning process for any project, you need to assign each of the issues facing the company a priority rating. That priority rating will determine what issues will sidetrack you from the planning of your project, and which issues can wait until the process is complete. Company Resources Having an idea and developing a plan for your company can help your company to grow and succeed, but if the company does not have the resources to make the plan come together, it can stall progress. One of the first steps to any planning process should be an evaluation of the resources necessary to complete the project, compared to the resources the company has available. Some of the resources to consider are finances, personnel, space requirements, access to materials and vendor relationships. Forecasting A company constantly should be forecasting to help prepare for changes in the marketplace. Forecasting sales revenues, materials costs, personnel costs and overhead costs can help a company plan for upcoming projects. Without accurate forecasting, it can be difficult to tell if the plan has any chance of success, if the company has the capabilities to pull off the plan and if the plan will help to strengthen the company’s standing within the industry. For example, if your forecasting for the cost of goods has changed due to a sudden increase in material costs, then that can affect elements of your product roll-out plan, including projected profit and the long-term commitment you might need to make to a supplier to try to get the lowest price possible. Contingency Planning To successfully plan, an organization needs to have a contingency plan in place. If the company has decided to pursue a new product line, there needs to be a part of the plan that addresses the possibility that the product line will fail. Q3. Explain the time value of money. Ans. Money has time value. A rupee today is more valuable than a year hence. It is on this concept â€Å"the time value of money† is based. The recognition of the time value of money and risk is extremely vital in financial decision making. Most financial decisions such as the purchase of assets or procurement of funds, affect the firm’s cash flows in different time periods. For example, if a fixed asset is purchased, it will require an immediate cash outlay and will generate cash flows during many future periods. Similarly if the firm borrows funds from a bank or from any other source, it receives cash and commits an obligation to pay interest and repay principal in future periods. The firm may also raise funds by issuing equity shares. The firm’s cash balance will increase at the time shares are issued, but as the firm pays dividends in future, the outflow of cash will occur. Sound decision-making requires that the cash flows which a firm is expected to give up over period should be logically comparable. In fact, the absolute cash flows which differ in timing and risk are not directly comparable. Cash flows become logically comparable when they are appropriately adjusted for their differences in timing and risk. The recognition of the time value of money and risk is extremely vital in financial decision-making. If the timing and risk of cash flows is not considered, the firm may make decisions which may allow it to miss its objective of maximizing the owner’s welfare. The welfare of owners would be maximized when Net Present Value is created from making a financial decision. It is thus, time value concept which is important for financial decisions. Thus, we conclude that time value of money is central to the concept of finance. It recognizes that the value of money is different at different points a of time. Since money can be put to productive use, its value is different depending upon when it is received or paid. In simpler terms, the value of a certain amount of money today is more valuable than its value tomorrow. It is not because of the uncertainty involved with time but purely on account of timing. The difference in the value of money today and tomorrow is referred as time value of money. Q6. What are the assumptions of MM approach? Ans. Modigliani Millar approach, popularly known as the MM approach is similar to the Net operating income approach. The MM approach favors the Net operating income approach and agrees with the fact that the cost of capital is independent of the degree of leverage and at any mix of debt-equity proportions. The significance of this MM approach is that it provides operational or behavioral justification for constant cost of capital at any degree of leverage. Whereas, the net operating income approach does not provide operational justification for independence of the companys cost of capital. Basic Propositions of MM approach: 1. At any degree of leverage, the companys overall cost of capital (ko) and the Value of the firm (V) remains constant. This means that it is independent of the capital structure. The total value can be obtained by capitalizing the operating earnings stream that is expected in future, discounted at an appropriate discount rate suitable for the risk undertaken. 2. The cost of capital (ke) equals the capitalization rate of a pure equity stream and a premium for financial risk. This is equal to the difference between the pure equity capitalization rate and ki times the debt-equity ratio. 3. The minimum cut-off rate for the purpose of capital investments is fully independent of the way in which a project is financed. Assumptions of MM approach: 1. Capital markets are perfect. 2. All investors have the same expectation of the companys net operating income for the purpose of evaluating the value of the firm. 3. Within similar operating environments, the business risk is equal among all firms. 4. 100% dividend payout ratio. 5. An assumption of no taxes was there earlier, which has been removed. Limitations of MM hypothesis: 1. Investors would find the personal leverage inconvenient. 2. The risk perception of corporate and personal leverage may be different. 3. Arbitrage process cannot be smooth due the institutional restrictions. 4. Arbitrage process would also be affected by the transaction costs. 5. The corporate leverage and personal leverage are not perfect substitutes. 6. Corporate taxes do exist. However, the assumption of no taxes has been removed later.

What is Christian Religious Education?

What is Christian Religious Education? Introduction Christian religious education is defined as the process where by Christian learning takes place. It often involves teaching which enables practicing Christians to adopt and deepen their Christian belief, values and dispositions to experience and act in a Christian way. It depends to a greater extent on how this process is adopted and practiced in different churches. Different practices in Christian education in local churches At some degree of certainty that all Christian churches have a similar aims and practices. The liturgical aspect is of paramount importance in the Trinitarian belief and practices in that it serves as introduction to what Christianity is all about. This is where the process of Cognitive learning takes places it involves the worship service where hymns are sang, lessons extracted from the books of the bible are read, sermon often punctuated with exhortation, admonishment and instruction in righteous living is delivered and prayers are said. It also involves the celebration of the holy Eucharist which Jesus Christ himself, recognized as the head of the church, initiated based on experience acquired in the worship service, it can be seen as Christian religious education is a confessional churchly activity of evangelism, instruction and nurture. I assure that Youth are the most critical of all critics when it comes to religion. Today, common inhabitants do pray and accept the holiness in church for Christ which they are aware that Christ constitutes the sacred bread and wine, but do not entirely act upon worshipping and fail to confront the thoughts and feelings to masses which would spread dignity of godliness among selves. The moral lies in the fact that this creates lackness to reach spiritual beliefs through worship and liturgy resulting in declination the faith which affects the divine nature approaching positivity. Christian education is a vital important part in youth development. For Christian education to be explored, generation of today should be brought into contact through various practices. In the early centuries, reformers emphasized and trusted true faith and doctrines, to change and reform behaviour as the only solution for salvation in Christian education. Christian school movements prove a challenge as a messenger to convey gods given mission and honour god. Traditional approach This approach was practiced since many decades and is still continued to be practiced which helps in binding and governing the ethics and morality within the religion and belief. Since beginning described, in leaving our homeland to teach the gospels throughout the world through scriptures, god conveyed his message by sending his son Jesus for us, the Holy Spirit, the Holy Church, and Baptism for building unity. Christianity consists of three things Religious faith, way of life and community of mankind towards salvation are most important. The most vital of all belief preached is that there is only one god. The term Christian does not imply on the fact that a Christian should grow up in a Christian community, but precisely accepts Christian faith and belief, follows and leads the path of life on which Jesus walked on and made mankind accept Christian community through involvement and participation physically and mentally, as a result, traditional approach is how the local churches and preachers go about conducting their services. The apostles creed was apparently developed to summarize the Christian doctrine for man who baptised himself. Theological and Biblical approach This approach is regarded as an abstract discipline which teaches what bible is written. It is the study of god expressing gods thought. The movement of bible indicates the doctrines to the kerygma to didache, to theological ethics, to revealed truth, to the way of living in Christian community. Gods salvation to the world, worshipping the holy spirit, baptizing people in the name of god, preaching gospels as the word of god, share Christs own body and blood as bread and wine in holy communion, repenting and confessing gods forgiveness etc are the concepts of theological and biblical foundation to Christian education. Even though mankind is aware but fail to involve due to the increasing evil and greed. The service is organized to accept the call of god and to love him and others and which aims to gather people to worship him in return allowing him to take control over the world and through his presence spread peace, righteousness, justice, joy and helps in the growth of the life in an individual through increased faith. Activities organized and performed in different local churches through to these practices Some churches develop the initiative of the worshippers by confessing their faith in the words of the apostle creed. Each activity is correlated and composes a range of varied elements. Their current activities reflect the lives of an individual and drive them for a purpose through various numbers of activities to attain a better quality of life. Due to activities, all age group gain variety of skills through many spiritual centred activities. Church acts as an interpreter between god and the worshippers to support in training the composition of these activities which are far more complex to solve a disturbed youth. They have to thereby standardize their curriculum and activities in regards to implement it. Different denominations organize activities to resolve the aim therefore to meet the need of the youth. Curriculum should be more focused than just on providing knowledge. Activities are necessarily planned to build youth commitment. I believe it is necessary to reach them, i.e. train them to be strong future leaders. They should be kept one step ahead, for their life is very challenging. I believe that the best way to outreach youths mind is to be a youth like them to understand their psychology as it differs from every individual. The same activities do get affected as the youth is choosy and subtle. Changing activities for tomorrow Here the question is voiced that, what substantial change can be brought apart from the current activities to eradicate the above upcoming and dynamic problems in nature with respect to behavioural management or of what medication of healing would work out. I would comment, the activities in the practices should be expanded and conduct likewise programmes workshops on educating purity before marriage, sex, child abuse, exploitation, rape, adultery, adolescence sex, teenage mothers, drugs addiction, aids, and divorce. Workshops, seminars for sex, abuse, peer mentoring, identifying preventive measures instead of curative measures targeting the social, political and the economical factors would be effective for incorporating the overall issues to bring the insight of the good and evil sides of every consequence, discussion on essential real life skills. Our goal is to create world changers, inviting the sacrifiers of evil and giving and sharing healthy priorities to save ourselves and the world, before it becomes a terrible fate and a debt for our own selves. As the world is in unsafe fists of crime, terrorism, corruption, violence, youth have been diverted to a fast-paced and expects instant opportunities. Perhaps, the approaches of these local activities tend to be helpful and may bring positive results but I still feel that there is something missing, to monitor the youth from within. In an article Practical: The Role of the Full-Time Youth Pastor in the Local Church, by Graeme Codrington, Denomination: Baptist (All), submitted on, May 18, 1997, states that, In a world that is so busy, and demands so much of all of its inhabitants, young people need a secure environment, where they can experiment and decide who they want to be. They need significant people to be there to help them through this process. They need role models to follow. Above statement eventually satisfies the fact that these folks are craving for friendly support socially and for stimulation. Overall factors which conglomerate are peers, parents, teachers, church members and Christian community. All factors rely on one common feature which constitutes leadership. Ironically, most youth do understand the surrounding factors but the factors themselves become tough unknowingly that they cant quite control the situation which then becomes too late to recover. The task is questioned commonly as what kind of leader a person should be to prove creditability and capability to influence the youth to pursue the direction towards god? In an article again stated by, Graeme Codrington, Denomination: Baptist (All), Practical: The Role of the Full-Time Youth Pastor in the Local Church, submitted on, May 18, 1997, Young people are not just little adults (cf. Elkind 1984:18). They are complex individuals who are battling to deal with the awesome transformation of their bodies, minds, and emotions. They are in a time of transition and growth, developing from the birthed bundle of potential to a fully integrated, functional member of society. The church is in a unique position to assist in this process. Church as a role model fosters spiritual growth in every youth making them responsible to participate in Christian faith; she is a sign for an entrance of the gods kingdom to the world of salvation, repentance, justice and peace to bring equality. She struggles hard and performs her duties wholly and solemnly reminds parents to structure their offsprings life in Christian formation. Church members acting as supporters, preach to establish and to promote a platform and share to encourage several types of civic, cultural, religious educational associations. In an article by Arthur Paul Boer What must a Pastor know? Reflection on Congregational studies defines on writer James Hopewells statement saying beyond the embarrassment. He has also observed that churches are sometimes chagrined by the change of hypocrisy and lament that they cannot measure upto ideals of Christian community. Writer James Hopewell referred by Arthur Paul Boer notes that Christian leaders are incharge and build a church thereby rise in hypocrites. I observe practically that, though the world is changing, church strategy is also changing in complementing the growth. It still targets the set mission. Even though, somewhere in the corner hypocrites do exist but church leaders aim to find out what is the outcome in the people from the traditional, theological and biblical practices. Perhaps according my research, I suggest they experiment bringing out good approaches to youths growth. Instead of the current activities followed in churches I would want to suggest the approach can be focused to bring in the outcome irrespective to exploration and innovation of ideas and thoughts for internal and external behaviour of an individual related to the surroundings around him, deepening of commitments to the teaching, provide opportunities to analyse socially and theologically and viewing his life in a theological manner. To build a framework of an activity consist of to have an experience like us, to sense new boundaries by exploring new links to every Christian among themselves and to god across social and cultural boundaries. In addition, exploration and inventive programmes can be executed to judge youths spirituality. Daily opportunities resulting in disorientation gets support through mission of god. Integration conceptual activities also can help in building and to capture a born leader. Church leader serves them as task leaders in the corrosion and freeing the task of a disconnected mind by planning tactics and dividing the burden of others through consultation. As the purpose is commitment, to serve the lost, skill based leadership formation training programmes can be organized to develop an effective leader so as to sustain the capability and capacity of the leader to solve the complaints lies in the dimensions of the ability. Workshops on intersections to shape boundaries of an individual and communities through theological and biblical language, symbols, and rituals to attain certain centered objectives. As growth of globalization is tremendous, these leaders come across and face new opportunities and challenges. I believe they help in building an integral performance in conducting entrepreneurial business-based activities, describing the activities because youths mind is business-oriented, therefore the activities are to be structured keeping business in mind involving biblical and theological approaches with the existing resources for a business oriented youth. They tend to produce facilitate management sources to sustain and develop faith and love. When the youth develops a church from within, he will be able to observe and analyse the holistic environment. The activities require presence of not only church members but also worshippers for youth development in successful implementation of these practices. Some worshippers form in small groups, some large varied to race culture. Arthur Paul Boer also examines simultaneously that when a group of pastors were having service of congregation, one among them exclaimed in deep breath It showed me Im not alone. So often in our churches we berate ourselves for problems we face: not enough men, too few youth, preponderance of a certain race or culture. He is clear with the fact that a single person fails, unity increases strength. We ourselves give birth to a problem and then strive hard to face it because as there are few leaders left to catch a grip to support a large community. Due to less number of youth, less support is achieved to sustain the laws and policies of the church and unable to accomplish gods mission. It is not only one who contributes but many. Above mentioned statement It showe d me Im not alone expresses that each race and culture form their own group; build small churches for their own community within their own boundaries, where god expects togetherness, wholeness. It requires lot of efforts to help small churches grow whereas large church with mass contribution grows as their already exist efforts in large numbers which take over the chained actions for development. Whether single church group or many, big or small, the development is important. On this contradiction, I would suggest that this also includes that in small group the development is paid more attention and given a close eye, problems are spotted quickly and easily to meet the challenges. No matter how large or small challenges occur, the way we approach it is unique and comprehensive as this brings out effects of development in the youth. Whereas in large it becomes difficult to assist as there are more than one individuals. Due to small groups according to races and culture, differentiation exists. But the important criterion is group commitment and work effort in all sets of practice for congregations in any race or culture for a healthy youth so that to accomplish gods mission. As a result both objectives are co-related to each other. To understand the nature of Christian youth it is a very distinguished and a unique phenomenon. Due to the increasing issues of peer pressure, this has led to the obstruction in the development of youth. There are negative as well as positive aspects of it. Negative aspects influence a weaker mind. It is the most consistent findings revealed in observation. Due to the inquisitive innocence, an innocent becomes a prey of the negative aspect, thereby exploited and develops an evil companionship where he adopts negative qualities and habits. But there is positive aspects as in there are some groups who work towards peer relationship. Here innocent gets an opportunity to identify his fear, weakness and have control over his own power. The peer mentors play the part in organizing programmes to understand the behaviour. They interact with the teens and open lines of communication, build up action plans to change the behaviour by using the discipline skills wherever necessary. As church mem bers play an integrate role, it is a challenge for them to develop the youth and make Christian education reachable to them. Teachers are responsible preachers. Youth growth depends on a teacher infact they are the true facilitators of our learning, are Baptist figures and true authors of an individuals life book. They also act as the resource developer and planner setting the curriculum for the healthy growth of an individual, depending how the curriculum is designed with the kind and level of leadership skills to recognize the youth psychology. Parents play a significant role in Christian education. They are the promising leaders which shape up Christianity, infact are the real teachers of Christian education. Parents act as a moral standard and support, therefore can synchronize to their growing youth to be aware from their early hood to gain knowledge in Christian faith and this is done when they themselves too experience a fullness of church. Misunderstandings and miscommunication between parents and their children are one of the issues which follow breakings in the development of the youth. Due to parents own principles, for respect and love of family values often creates harmness to the childrens growth which tempts them to behave against them. Thus youth becomes a totalitarian of his own life by going against the values and ethics and unknowingly gets stucked in the torturous situations. Most Christian youth, fail to act upon the 10 commandments of bible. I must say, I myself as a youth in my real life experience have observed that the originality of the commandments has changed excessively and replaced with the following: Thou must worship money Thou must lyrically murder Thou must have evil possession Thou must have sex Thou must enjoy drug addiction Thou must prosper, worship own self Thou must not feel guilty Thou must have no respect for ancestral values Thou must not serve, sacrifice Thou must differentiate Due to the above, youth fails to feel guilty in which guiltness is a part of our conscience creating a false belief system as an obstacle in his maturity and creating structure of his own. Under such circumstances he avoids promoting prayer, sacrifice, grace, redemption, worship and meditation, atonement. Considering money and sex are the only two things reliable to satisfy the needs, creating a limitation and a boundary for establishing personal spiritual growth and development. In general terms, when the efforts of religious and educational institutions, society lack to perform the planned task for Christian education, a positive approach is expected and constructed to gain knowledge and teaching through parents and teachers. Youth must be aware of guiltiness which is a gift from god to help us in being and doing well. Still the question is raised in a Journal: Volume 5 Number 4, October 2003 by Author Charlene Tan, Can Christian teachers and parents teach Christian beliefs without indoctrinating their students and children? Yes, they can teach Christian beliefs without indoctrinating their students and children they need to be careful when a child is to be handled as their minds are immature. At times it is difficult to understand them because their way of thinking is varied. Firstly before going to the next process, the first process has to be resolved. As teachers and parents are the role models for the development. In order to develop and understand these three role models should be systematically developed first. Only by abiding this rule, they can achieve the development in child. But the point lies beneath that how teachers and parents can prove themselves as an effective source of development by keeping in mind the relative factor of Childs mind compatibility and psychology? As there are variations in psychological behavior teachers and parents should be mentally prepared, be changeable and adjustment oriented accordingly. The political and current affair of the nation is affected by corruption and evilness rationally which gave birth to vivid factors like jealousy, modesty and so on, making humans built a tendency to mislead the positive factors. The situations have made the teachers adapt those inequalities within them, affecting the surrounding factors. Parents have too due to their increasing self priority created barriers of understanding among their families. Many people are often drawn towards the attention of the church because of their felt needs and not for spiritual needs. For instance, it does occur that why the youth is tuned out of his own way? Even in their interaction with their own members it tends to happen with them that they fail to hear a word said to them stating I didnt hear a word you said?, even though it is obvious that they have said something relating to us. This proves a kind of negligence in contacting the positive mechanism which grows in the back of our minds. Such system blocks all the wanted and useful messages allowing us to hear and see only what our mind tells us to hear and believe. As this tendency is increased in the youth generation, it is creating gaps between a believer and faith of god. The question is How? How can we overcome this problem? Youth have themselves developed a capacity in mind to hear only what pleasures them without taking a decision that whether it is false or truth. My query is How we can bring these groups of youth closer to god? Unconsciously resulting in unexpected calamities and unknowingly they are unable to repent it wisely. Due to this increasing factor, youth cant get a grip of effective communication and develop themselves internally. Here the parents then enter the scene to play their role. The main question lies whether the local churches fulfill and meet to mature disciples in Christian education? As stated above, youth are the most critical of all critics when it comes to religion. In this modern era, youth is distracted to church because they are building castles in air due to the unmaterialistic desire. Youth today have focused their vision to crave success and prosperity for their rising life graph; they exploit their own ones due to greed and selfishness. During the primary phase of struggle and hard work, youth craves to achieve prosperity, at the same time, do thank god and accept his involvement for success, but hand in hand, lack to follow the bibles ethics which says to respect others in and with unity. Due to the competition and growth politically, more often youth seem to push the fellow mates and strive to takeover their place. They themselves are unaware that they give birth to exploitation and inequality. And due to inequality, unity is declined, wherein bible does not specify inequality. In a book source, Pastor Rick Warren illustrates in his book The Purpos e-Driven Church -The issue is church health, not church growth! declares warren. if your church is healthy, growth will occur naturally. Healthy consistent growth is the result of balancing the five biblical purposes of the church. In addition to this he also declares that If u concentrate on building people, God will build the church. I agree at a certain point with the above statement. I herewith would want to magnify on How would one build a healthy youth for a healthy church? In this sense I believe that both are co-related with each other. Again the issue arises in my mind How will the church be healthy if the youth is unhealthy? The issue cant be only concentrated on church. For a church to survive, the basic foundation is the youth and for the youth to be saved and attracted the church has to be healthy. In my knowledge it is a Vicious Circle. Local churches upto some extent do specifically fulfill the discipleship through the practices and play a great emphasis in fulfilling and conveying the message of god to us, but still lack to read the minds and bring the youth closer to her, for which she has to upgrade her atmospheric appearance with new packages to reach the youth in a new taste due to the competitive modernism which is hovering on the youth. The latter part can play the best part coz when first falls in place, everything else falls in place, from the beginning to the end, from all angles in all walks of life. Towards a healthy faith, healthy church can turn and seed a growth of spirituality through which mankind will grow spiritually from within thereby causing church growth. Author Perry G. Down states in his book Teaching for spiritual growth that how can we best enable Christians to grow towards maturity? For this question he suggests three key concepts- ministry, believer, and purpose. But my understanding says that these concepts are incomplete somewhere to create a bond in reaching the results because todays youth is attracted towards the unrealistic worldly matters, but has resulted in declination towards the gods spiritual growth. The major role connecting these three concepts is commitment and effort. As the church ministry is the foundation pillar, the main aim is how much measure of commitment is valued and given to achieve the target successfully. Mankind is able to commit only when he chooses the right direction in fear and is able but this is unfortunate as the alien world tend to let us unidentify the type of strategies of growth for maturity. By identifying the type of strategies of growth, we can understand the level of growth required t owards maturity at which we can be spiritual. Another reason for in growth is fear. As the youth fears to face unexpected problems, the efforts are less and require the hierarchys support. Author Gary C. Newton stated in his book Going towards spiritual maturity quotes the principle that God is ultimately responsible for all spiritual growth. The question arises at this point that if god is responsible for everything, what will be the purpose and role of human? I comment that while god supplies the resources like bible, church, Holy Spirit, baptism, it is also our responsibility to supply effort and commitment to utilize those resources and give results to god. In bible, Paul highlights this principle of his personal lifestyle and in his teachings comparing with the example of a soldier or athlete to illustrate the amount of sincerity and efforts. (1 Corinthians 9:24-27), Paul states that In a race all the runners run, but only one gets the prize. I herewith conclude in a Christian race all runners (ministry, believers, purpose) will fail to get a prize if there is no effort that is commitment from everyone. Along with the concept of ministry, believer, purpose; effort is also the key concept and it has to be achieved from the youth as well. A healthy youth will gain efforts only when the growth will favour them from within, when the forces of the ministry believers and youth will collide with each other to form a healthy growth. This will create a mutual relationship between gods provisional resources and our active involvement in process which is more clearly in Philippians 2:12-13: Continue to work out your salvation with fear and trembling, for it is god who works in you to will and to act according to his good purpose. This principle is intricate but the application is clear. If one is to grow towards maturity in Christ then one must cultivate and demonstrate the efforts with passion, Philippians 2:17-18: But even if I am being poured out like a drink offering on the sacrifice and service coming from your faith, I am glad and rejoice with all of you. So you be glad and rejoice with me. Therefore the conclusion lies in the above concept, both; effort of the youth along with the work of ministry, believers proves in the healthiness of the church. In the book Youth At Risk by Peter Christian Olsen, 2003, he highlights four basic needs which he has clearly created an awareness of the effects that affects the development of youth: Acceptance belonging New beginnings and second chances forgiveness Significance generosity Freedom independence I agree with his confirmation that he examines in deriving the above developmental needs from the provision of the Almightys resources as the absence of these needs do intentionally contribute in how they shape the personality, maturity, responsibility and stability of emotions. He emphasizes Christian community in respond to the needs determining that, the resources will be polishing youth through support during the fear and avoid them from destruction. At times the concepts will be foreign, indigestive for youth because unable to realize its importance. Rather the community need not re-interpret or change the language but simplify their thoughts and improve their visionary and understanding by change in structure through a friendly communication by becoming an effective leader to bridge the gap between the church and the youth. Therefore forces and efforts are needed for decision making which is an effective key in respond to ministry believer and purpose for a possibility of a hea lthy youth to build a healthy church, which will make the church flourish. Supporting surveys According to a survey, some findings proved that church fails to answer every question of the youth. Q.1 In what way and sense is Christian religion, faith and church viewed by todays modern youth? Youth of todays modern era is firm on the point stating that inspiration is lacked in religion; they feel that the world is divided through religion and is the major factor which is affecting the growth. A 17-year-old Jude from Kent says confidently that He does not agree with the church who talks on subject morality and is Overfilled with traditionality. Youth pick their ideas which suit their taste through various religious beliefs. There are few in bunch who strongly believe, there exist only single religion which has controlled the truth. Young generation refer to perform all activities as per their own desire which in return less importance to the religious belief are being given, which gives birth to the side effects of the conduct. Q.2 Why do young crowd feel that Christianity is not a happening cultural activity? An 18-year-old Marcus said that he left church when he was 15 because the teachings did not amuse him and it did not interest him of anything as a youth. The major quest, a struggle for a religion is to impose an exertion of force of involvement in terms of attraction. I usually attend church service wherein I find young ones missing the services. I kept questioning myself that, where the young crowd has disappeared? Surprisingly the young ones have taken charge for the attendance of the church. In this consequence the church should give priority to change its curriculum and its way of presenting the services with new attractive packages for enhancement. Q.3 Are the young preachers practicing different approaches in Christianity declining. What are your suggestions? As the attendance of the youth in church has declined, but on the other hand people practicing approaches are increasing in numbers. The following is revealed through one of the youths that more the deepening are the studies of the bible, more a person becomes a hypocrite of the Christian leadership and unintentionally accepts and performs the lifestyle of the clergy right or wrong at times unknowingly. In such case, the practices are affected and become different from those which are to be precise. Seen are still some true Christian youngsters who are different in their attitude and conduct, but in spite of such difference, they are not involved into the immorality and violence activities with other youths. They present themselves as they are from a different unknown religion, but practice the religion and it

Analysis of Tescos Stakeholders

Analysis of Tescos Stakeholders Tesco is a shopping mart where we can purchase our essential things. It can also be define as a global grocery and general merchandising vendor headquartered in UK. sir Jack Cohen founded Tesco in 1919, when he began to sell extra food stuff from a stall in the East End of London. Tesco first appeared above a shop in Edgware in 1929 and since then the company has grown and developed.Tesco is the third largest retailer in the world measured by income Tesco private limited corporation (PLC) is the major super mart in UK wihich has 29% of shares in market copmapred to other companies like adsa which has 17% shares in market. PLC is private limited company which has limited millstone in UK and not allow to offer its shares to public.Private. A public company does not much care about profit as it is providing the goods or service for the public. Public companies will not have to worry whether making profit or not because they are providing a service to the public. Purpose of tesco is to make money and invest and sale quality products.and provide reliable materials to consumers. Why do Tesco exist? Tesco exist to provide the goods and services to people earning money and profits from business .it provides jobs for workers Tesco provides daily need Products that customers demand like food, clothes, Home electircs,Sound and vision ,Bed and bath, Furniture and kitchen, Clothing and jewellery, Toys and gift, Baby and toddlers, Garden needs.products and services supplied at profit , at cost and below cost Tesco is getting profit by introducing new brands and also selling goods at lease.tehy are getting profit on products by supplying them to other countries and at whole sale. they can sell products by introducing off packages to customers at low prices for a specific duration which means to making them as a regular customers to gain profit in future. and also out of seasons sale which shows selling at low cost. Objectives of TESCO As TESCO is one of UK leading food retailers, with 519 stores England, Scotland and Wales.105 stores in France operated by Catteau and 44 in Hungary.Tesco meets the need of customers by low prices, product quality, choice, facilities and services to avail from home.Tesco is developing the talents workers through sound management and training practices,. Tesco maintaining its relationships with supplier by quality and price criteria. Tesco is co operating on making of food in industry .Provides good environment and protection. Ownership can be defined as Employee or executive who has the principle responsibility for a business, or projectThe public sector in this type of ownership only british people can get ownership in tesco to gain profit. Sole Traders controlled and financed by one person. least expensive form of ownership to organize. Sole proprietors receive all income generated by the business to keep or reinvest. Partnerships contains 2 -20 members who share their assets and profits from business. Public Limited Companies (PLCs) shares to the general public it contains Minimum of 2 but no maximum number of shareholders Private Limited Companies contains financed and controlled by between 2 and 50 shareholders. Franchises .A business which has bought the right to trade under established namein different cities.e.g mcdonalds,KFC. Co-operatives It contains Groups of people who enter business and share the benefits sustomers Co-operatives, Producer Co-operatives, Worker Co-operatives. Charitable trust for helping famines and collect funds from rich .and also receive funds from GOVT. P2 The Stakeholders of each Organization Stakeholder is a person, group or organization that has direct and indirect position in organization. it is affected by organizations rules, polices and decisions. internal stakeholders. They work inside the Tesco e.g employee, owners. External stakeholders: pressure groups trades unions employee government local and national communites Stakeholders in business organisation: Supplier Owners Government Creditors Customer Directors Workers Community Unions Key stakeholders in a business organization Customers. These are the people who buy products from shops ans to save lives of needy people. customers want reliable products and at low prices. Employees includes directors, owners, managers Directors: They have a direct financial stake in the business because they have taken a risk by investing in the business Managers: They are responsible for obtaining goals creating atmosphere of work among workers of Tesco, each managers has handles accounting, law marketing, sales production Suppliers: they supply products to Tesco at commercial level. They supply goods to different branches. They always be in touch with tesco to supply products. Owners: they are the business, assets holder, and pays the workers.pressure groups not put up candidates for election, but seeks to influence government policy rules. Trade unions function is discuss pay and working conditions and creates discipline among workers Employee Associations they set up pay packages and employees for resolving argument. Board of Directors Finance department Marketing sales department Production department Finance manager Accountant Marketing manager Area sales manager Sales staff Production manager Production supervisor Production workers Human resource department Human resource manager Clerical assistant ICT department Board of director is a group of people nominated by the owners of a business who have decision-making authority, voting authority specific responsibilities which in each case is separate and distinct from the authority and responsibilities of owners and managers of the business entity.Finance department is to keep control over the use of funds in the organisation i.e. the funds are using according to the planing and accord with the organisational objectives.Finance manager participates in preparation of financial reports, direct investment activities, and implement cash management strategies.Accountant helps managers to make reports, investments (savings), and tax implementations.handles profit loss details,cost production,financial statements. Marketing sales department function is to understand users requirments/needs and fulfil their needs exactly with high- quality goods and respond to a customer enquiry correctly. Sales managerSell products and services to the customer in order for the business to keep on running and become the number one retailer.they make products available for future customers and existing customers.Production Tesco is to make sure that the goods of Tesco are produced on time and is in a suitable quality for the customers.and maintain furniture.Production manager manages all kind of goods should ready at customers needs.and at given time and at exact time and standard.Production workers made goods according to the user demands and works exactly in uniform way.Human resources aim to make sure that businesses keep hold of good experienced staff and let go of poor staf they work internally in business Human resources aim to make sure that businesses good experienced staff and let go of poor staf They d eal with the workforce, planning, recruitment, training and paying issues.ICT (International Computers and Tabulators) Its main function is to check that all data of Tesco is stored properly. all computer software are working, all business websites are accessing.(tescopls.com) P4 Tesco Mission and values Planning, calculating and the passing of information form rival is called mission. Tescos mission is to earn profit and sale pure goods. and to sale goods online by using website tesco.com and public dealing in good manner to make regular customers And create significance for customers to earn their lifetime reliability. Values Values of an organization defines it standards.they show Respect to each others Try to give their best Want to be energetic and fit. Tesco strategies to become are successful international trader , To become famous business party. To be good food provider To put community at the heart of what we do. Objectives Tesco increasing customers by offering buy 1 get 1 free.Tesco offers best reasonable prices. Tesco meets the need of customers opinions regarding advance, product quality, choice, store facilities and service Tesco is the main profitable investment with progressive return. Tesco is developing the talents of its people through sound management and training practices, while rewarding them fairly with equal opportunities for all. Tesco maintaining its relationships with supplier (product makers) on strict quality and price criteria. Tesco is co operating on making of food in industry. Provides good environment and protection Strategic Planning Tesco is try to make shopping easy and comfortable.Seeking to low price to help people and so they spend less.Taking simplicity and importance to complicated markets. Smart objectives of Tesco Specific Tesco wants to make profit its sale Measurable Tesco is leading in business by its major shares in market Achievable tesco achieve its goal by increasing its customers and making profits Tesco has achieved it by good quality products Realistic tesco is third big company in world M1 Point of Views of different stakeholders Directors the business through meetings with top managers and managing stretegies for progress of tesco.Employees should work hard on making good quality products that will make profit and also increase pay and conditions of Employees and also helpful for safety, health and pension arrangements. Customers views are to getting latest brands and saving by low price products. D1 Evaluate the influence different stakeholders exert in one organization Stakeholders stand for great influence in organization. Developing countries employees make fashionable clothes and brands to exert little power over their employers to give them jobs and getting new products. Owners are the organizations main stakeholders and gain profit and pays all bills and wages to workers and remain profit shares with shareholders directors pay attention to make strategy and decisions regarding organization Government influences by law rights to change behaviour of environmental or health and safety. Employees exert main role in business profit or loss. When the economy is active they work hard and make extra products. Customers also create great influence within an organization. By purchasing products from store or online at low prices.

Comparing The Enthalpy Change Of Combustion Of Different Alcohols :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Comparing The Enthalpy Change Of Combustion Of Different Alcohols The aim of my experiment is to investigate the enthalpy of combustion of a range of alcohols. The standard enthalpy of combustion is the enthalpy change that occurs when 1 mole of a fuel is burned completely in oxygen under standard conditions – 1 atmosphere pressure and 298K. All combustion reactions are exothermic which is why I am expecting all the values for the enthalpy change of combustion to always be negative. Prediction ========== I predict that the greater the number of carbon atoms there are in the alcohol molecule, the greater the enthalpy change of combustion it will have. This is because in a chemical reaction energy is needed in order to break bonds and energy is released when bonds are made. If I were to look at these two values; the energy required to break the bonds of the reactants and the energy released when the bonds of the product are made then I am able to work out the enthalpy change of combustion of the alcohol. In order to do this we need to know the bong enthalpies of the bonds in the process. The quantity of energy needed to break a particular bond in a molecule is called the bond enthalpy. Below is a table containing the bond enthalpies of the bonds that occur in the combustion of an alcohol. Bonds We use the average bond enthalpies as the exact value of a bond enthalpy depends on the particular compound in which the bond is found. GRAPH DH1 By looking at the equation for the reaction that occurs when an alcohol burns, we realise that the reaction involves both breaking bonds and making new ones. From the equation of the process we can tell how many of the different number of bonds are broken and made and so work out the enthalpy change of combustion. We can work out the enthalpy of combustion of methanol by using the bond enthalpy values: CH3OH + 1.5O2 CO2 + 2H2O We can use the enthalpy cycle above to work out the value for the enthalpy change of combustion of methanol, represented by DH1. The calculation is done as shown below: DH2 = enthalpy change when bonds are broken = 3 Â ´ E(C-H) + 1 Â ´ E(C-O) + 1 Â ´ E(O-H) + 1.5 Â ´ E(O=O) = 3(413) + 358 + 464 + 1.5(498) = 2808 kJ mol-1 DH3 = enthalpy change when bonds are made

Stereotypes of White Males Essay -- stereotypes, white males,

When people hear the word stereotype, they usually think of black people, Mexicans, Native Americans, women, and other races. Most people do not think there could be a stereotype against white males. People usually think that it would be the white male that would stereotype other races and not be stereotyped themselves. The truth is that white males get stereotyped just as much, if not more, as other races. White males have been categorized as hateful, major racists, skinheads, and over-privileged. In today’s society, a white male can’t criticize any other race without fear of being called a â€Å"hater† or a â€Å"racist†. One of the biggest forms of racism towards the white male is what the government calls â€Å"Affirmative Action†. Affirmative Action is something the government made to insure ...

After Goodnight Mister Tom Creative Writing

Thick clouds of smoke and ash billowed from the chimneys of every factory as far as the eye could see. The factories all looked the same, tall grey box-like structures erected from the ground. There was no color here. No happiness. It had been 7 years since last came to the city. I never wanted to come back, thought the memories would be too painful, but Mr.. Tom made me come. He said it would be good for me to get over my past. As I looked around, I remembered back to when the station was full of soldiers going off to the war. The bombing had clearly taken its toll on the city.It had been nearly a year since the end of the war and many factories were still damaged. Had become so accustom to the country life that I forgot what the city was like, what is smelled like, what it tasted like. I never thought would be returning to the city where so many bad memories took place. I walked down the station platform to a bench, the same bench where I found my mother that last time I arrived he re, it looked to be the very same bench, even after all these years. The city had changed so much, it seemed to be the only thing that hadn't, and everything was much more boring and plain. Liked down the street looking at all the factories and buildings. The further walked the smaller the buildings became, until they were just houses on the outskirts of the city. I turned down the street of where I used to stay. I stopped outside an old house. My house. This is where was abused, told I was useless and that nobody cares for me, this is where my mother left me. I never lived here, it was only a home in which I slept and ate. To me, my home is, and always will be, in Little Weirdo. As the sky began to darken, the autumn leaves glowed a bright orange in the twilight. A red overlay covered the city.The sun a rich red and clouds a bright pink. I turned away and started to look for a place to sleep, an inn. As the last light faded, the sky became a dark blue, the stars twinkling in the ni ght sky and the cool night air whistling in through the open window. I sat down my things in the room and laid on the bed. Tomorrow I will go visit the rest of London, to see what has changed, or what hasn't. I will visit the school where used to go, maybe it's still open. Maybe it's not even there, blown up like the rest of the buildings seemed to be. Darkness overcame me and heaviness filled my eyelids, the strength to hold them open had long left me.

Reliablity vs Validity Essay

The purpose of this weeks’ discussion is to evaluate and analyze an article by identifying issues related to general method reliability and validity. The article that was chosen was â€Å"Trust in the Face of Conflict: The Role of Managerial Trustworthy Behavior and Organizational Context† by Korsgaard, M. A. , Brodt, S. E. , & Whitener, E. M. (2002). This paper will discuss how negative conditions between employees’ and management pose a risk in trust. Reliabity and validity are pertinent in getting a true assessment of how negative conditions can affect the employee morale. Korsgaard, M. A. , Brodt, S. E. , & Whitener, E. M. , wrote an indebt article on trust and negative events and how it relates to management and employee interactions. This article proves that it is essential for management to understand how imperative it is to implement trust and willingness to listen to their employees in the workforce. In this article reliability and validity shows to be accurate due to the overwhelming amount of evidence that proves that management needs to implement the changes in order to improve employee morale and willingness to work hard. Reliability referred to the stability of findings; on the other hand validity represented the truthfulness of findings (Altheide & Johnson, 1994). The article does not appear to represent one just a quantitative research or one of a qualitative research so this research must be considered a mixed method approach. There is not numerical terminology displayed in this article but does have extensive information on other proven ideas and past research. Qualitative research seeks depth over breadth and attempts to learn subtle nuances of life experiences as opposed to aggregate evidence. Qualitative research is contextual and subjective versus generalizable and objective. (Whittemore, R. , Chase, S. K. , & Mandle, C. L. 2001 p. 524). Because qualitative research is based on entirely different epistemological and ontological assumptions compared to quantitative research, many feel that validity criteria of the quantitative perspective are therefore inappropriate (Hammersly, 1992). Employees’ perceptions of their managers’ trustworthy behavior and of the fairness of HR practices are also likely to have consequences for employee behavior (Korsgaard, M.  A. , Brodt, S. E. , & Whitener, E. M. 2002). This article shows how management and staff interaction related primarily on how management makes employees feel in the workplace which proves that validity and reliability is important when researching this topic. Goodwin, L. D. , & Goodwin, W. L. (1984) wrote that many qualitatively oriented evaluators are tempted to disregard the validity and reliability issues that are traditionally associated with quantitative evaluation techniques frequently ignore concerns regarding measurement validity and reliability. Due to this research using both qualitative and quantitative approaches is necessary to depend on reliability and validity of research because it proves the outcomes of the study. The need to know what validity and reliability is just as important as quantitative and qualitative research. There should remain a focus on all four aspects during research to improve the outcomes of progressive research. These efforts will allow better details in the conclusion of research.

Brassica rapa plants Essay

Abstract In this experiment, intraspecific competition was tested which is when members of the same species compete for a same resource. The experiment tested was to see if intraspecific competition using differing densities affected the growth rate of Brassica rapa plants. Brassica rapa are a type of mustard plant also considered the â€Å"fast plants† because they grow within a 6-12 week period. They were used for this experiment due to their fast and easy growing process. Past experiments were observed beforehand and according to those, one density would further the survival rate more than the other. The Brassica rapa seeds were planted and observed over time to study the growth rates between a high and low density. The lower density was expected to have the higher survival and growth rate before starting the experiment. The findings in this particular experiment came out to show extremely similar results to previously tested experiments. While the height did not differ between high and low densities, the survival rate and number of flowers produced was significantly different. Introduction Competition plays a huge role in life’s organisms, especially when it comes to plants. A more specific type is intraspecific competition, in which members of the same species compete for the same resource, which is what this experiment involves. Intraspecific competition is important because when plants of the same group are competing for the same resources in the same living place survival rate can decrease greatly, their need for the immediate resource may run out due to other competing members (Aspbury et al., 2013). The purpose for compiling this experiment was to determine if this intraspecific competition affected the growth and development of the Brassica rapa plant at differing high and low densities. The Brassica rapa was used because it can be easily tested, and completes their life cycle within six weeks after planting (Aspbury et al,. 2013). Predictions could be made based off past experiments that used Brassica rapa as well. According to these similar experiments one would conclude that the high density seeds produce less plants, however seem to produce a greater biomass (total mass of once living material) amount. Whereas low density would do just the  opposite and produce a lower biomass level going on to produce a larger number of flowers, increase in height, and so essentially obtaining a greater survival rate than that of the higher density. The hypothesis states that the low density would essentially have a higher growth and survival rate than that of the high density. Of course all these experiments differ in terms of density variability, but all testing the same issue of high vs. low density on Brassica rapa. Methods The experiment was conducted by first obtaining Brassica rapa seeds (using the Brassica rapa plant because it grows within a 6-12 week period, AKA: the â€Å"fast plant†). Two treatments were then carefully put together, one pot consisting of low density seeds while the other contained high density seeds. Two low density seeds, and ten high density seeds were then planted. After planting the differing seeds in separate pots the pot was then filled about halfway with Miraclegro potting soil. After that six fertilizer balls were added to each and watered it just enough to dampen and pack in the soil. We then fill the rest of the pot up with soil and water it again. After the soil is dampened and the pot is completely filled, small holes were poked for all the seeds making sure they are spaced out evenly. Then made sure all the seeds were covered in the soil and watered them once again. The pots were labeled by which one has high density and which has low, so that we were able to observe the growing rate and survival for each, recording them in a data table. We then place the labeled pots on a thin layer of gravel in a plastic box making sure there is enough water filling the box. We kept them under a warm light making sure they were no closer than 6-8 centimeters from the light. This helps them grow in what would be considered normal growing conditions for a plant. Using a chi – square test which involves the comparison of frequency distributions, the results were then analyzed. Each week we observed and recorded the results for height, number of pods (flowers), and density. Results Mean Proportion Surviving: From our analysis after three weeks, our results indicated there was a significant difference in proportion surviving between the low-density and  high-density treatments (unpaired t test: t: 4.908, DF=499.451, P= .0001). Plants in the low-density treatment had significantly higher proportion surviving than those in the high-density treatment (Figure 1: mean +/- s.e. proportion surviving: low-density= .837+/- .017; high-density= .721+/- 0166). Mean Flowers Per Plant: From our analysis after four weeks, it was found that there was a significant difference in the average amount of flowers per plant between the low and high-density treatments (unpaired t-test: t= 3.748, DF= 353.359, P= .0001). Plants in the low-density treatment had significantly more flowers per plant than those in the high-density treatment (Figure 2: mean+/- s.e. mean plant height: low-density= 2.427+/- .219; high-density= 1.507+/- .109). Meant Plant Height: From our analysis after six weeks, our results indicated there was not a significant difference in mean plant height between the low and high-density treatments (unpaired t test: t= .020, DF= 410.77, P= .984). Plants in the low-density treatment had nearly the exact same mean plant height than those of the high-density treatment (Figure 3: mean+/- s.e. mean plant height: low-density= 13.372+/- .337 ; high-density= 13.385+/- .543). Discussion The lower density was expected to produce more surviving plants and according to the recorded results it did, as well as produced more numbers of flowers. These results support the hypothesis that states the plants under low density conditions would survive better over plants under high density conditions. This basically means that Brassica rapa plants survive better under lower density conditions. On the other hand, the height stayed relatively the same for both high and low density trials, therefore the null hypothesis was partially accepted. (Miller, 1995). While the height did stay the same for our plants alone an unusual finding was discovered. In comparison to the other classes that did this same experiment, height levels differed in that the Wednesday 2-5 pm class had an overall much lower measured height. This could be due to a number of things such as different amounts of light received, or even not being watered as frequently as the  other classes. Other outside studies, which dealt with intraspecific competition, show that it highly affects plant size as well as number of leaves (Shahid et al., 2009). Number of leaves in this case, could correspond with number of flowers on the Brassica rapa plant. The findings in the experiment prove how much the plants were essentially affected. Literature Cited Aspbury, A.S., Gabor, C.R. 2013. Laboratory Exercises for Organismal Biology. 15-19 Miller, T.E. 1995. Evolution of Brassica rapa Populations in Interspecific and Intraspecific Competition, Evolution. 49. 1125-1133. Shahid, S.S., Waqar, A., et al. 2009. Intraspecific Competition and Aggregation in a Population of Solanum Forskalii Dunal in a Semiarid Habitat: Impact on Reproductive Output, Growth and Phenolic Contents, Pak. J. Bot. 41. 2751-2763. Figures and Legends Figure 1: proportion surviving in low and high-density treatments of Brassica rapa after three weeks. Figure 2: Mean Flowers per plant in low and high-density treatments of Brassica rapa after four weeks. Figure 3: Mean plant height in low and high-density treatments of Brassica rapa after six weeks.