Peter Winchs The Idea of a Social Science and Its Relation to Essay

Peter Winchs The Idea of a Social Science and Its congener to Philosophy - Essay showcaseAccording to the scholars on the topic of neighborly science, this proceeds of study has been slow to imitate the natural sciences and turn from the dead hand of philosophy and this has resulted in the slow growth of this branch of study. They maintain that it is important for the complaisant science to follow the methods of natural science rather than those of philosophy if it should make some significant progress. The main purpose of Peter Winch is to attack such a conception of the relation between the social studies, philosophy and the natural sciences. (Winch, 1958, p 1). According to Peter Winch, a successful social science in general and sociology in particular would more nearly resemble literacy criticism than physical science and other natural sciences and he provides several justifications for his claim all through his book. Winchs justification of his claim becomes evident in a reflective analysis of his distinctions between and among consciousness and explanation, motives, reasons, and causes, and the difference between the sociologists and the physical scientists relation to the phenomena that they investigate (the subject matter of the social sciences), and this musical theme undertakes an analysis of these aspects of the book along with a summary.In his The Idea of a Social Science and Its Relation to Philosophy Winch... cience in general and sociology in particular would more nearly resemble literacy criticism than physics and other physical sciences and he provides the central core of his argument under the title Understanding Social Institutions. He maintains that understanding is more essential phenomenon than explaining and it clarifies his major arguments. According to him, it is essential to use the term understanding rather than explaining, though he does not mean to allude to the distinction made by Webber between casual explanation and in terpretive understanding. The point I have in mind is a rather different one. Methodologists and philosophers of science comm unaccompanied approach their subject by asking what the character of the explanations offered is in the science under consideration. Now of course explanations are most connected with understanding. Understanding is the goal of explanation and the end-product of successful explanation Unless there is a form of understanding that is not the result of explanation, no such thing as explanation would be possible. An explanation is called for only where there is, at least thought to be, a deficiency of understanding. (Winch, 1990, p X). Winch considers understanding as the measuring rod against which the deficiency of the knowledge must be measured and this calls for explanation. The understanding one already has is carryed in the concepts which constitute the form of subject matter that one is concerned with. On the other hand, these concepts also express cert ain aspects of the life characteristic of the people who apply them. The interconnections among these aspects are the major subject of explanation in the book by Winch. It is also vital to understand the connections among concepts such as motives, reasons, and

Management Practive in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management Practive in Business - Essay ExampleThe intend process centralisees on the realistic view of the business expectation. The armorial bearing of proper planning process in an arrangement helps the management of the organization in maintaining a focus towards the overall growth and development of the business. The planning process also helps the organization in providing a modelling for the business and provides the organization with a benchmark for measuring the performance of the organization (Reilly, Minnick & Baack, 2011). Considering the importance of planning in the business organization, the planning process in Liberty correlative indemnity is being analyzed critically. The starting line step maintained by Liberty Mutual restitution in their planning process is in setting the basic target of the organization which includes clarification of the vision, mission and goals of the organization. The vision of Liberty mutual insurance involves providing every one wi th the same amount of opportunity to live their dreams. The mission of the organization states that the organization is in the process of value creation for the citizens with the help of the effective and profitable life insurance plans. The goals of the organization atomic number 18 also made clear and it aims at becoming a steer provider of life insurance services in the global market by focusing attention towards the customer satisfaction. The organization also aims at enhancing the value of stakeholders by achieving reputations in the market through the business practices. In matters of implementation of each strategic decision in the organization the mission, vision and goals are kept in mind. Before planning for any changes in the organization, careful market research is conducted and due importance is provided to the needs of the customers. During the decision make process ideas are taken from all levels of the management and clear analysis of the views of the employees a re done. The various incisions deep down the organization are assigned with the responsibility of managing their own department and integration within different department is maintained. As the goals of the organization, includes the creation of values to the customers, careful steps are being adopted to make the products of the organization popular among the customers by addressing their needs in a proper manner. The management also is looking for working out in the international markets, by conducting studies regarding the market feasibility of various economies. Leading Leadership is one of the all-important(a) attribute of good managers and the process of overall leading of the employees to attain their goals and objectives often determines the success of an organization. The process of leading the employees in the organization starts after the goals are set by the management (Canada, 2009, p.22). In Liberty mutual Insurance, the workings of the organization is strengthened by the presence of effective leadership quality of the key military unit who constantly dedicates their best in helping the employees to attain their goals set by the organizations. One important lineament of the leaders in the organizat

Market Segmentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Market Segmentation - quiz ExampleSurvey comprise of elemental phases like population sampling, adoption of appropriate research design, entropy collection, and finally analysis of resultant data into meaningful information. In orderliness to maintain objectivity, researchers need to hunt all these steps. In this essay, we will appraise utilization of survey methodology in bring forthing information around market segmentation in Doha. The club conducting this survey plans to sell steadfast victuals to university students in the CBE. Hankin and Rhoads (2011) tick that from a theoretical perspective, fast foods are usually associated with negative effects on health concerns of consumers. In this case, the company needs substantial knowledge before deciding to roll out a fast food program within the universitys premises. The desired market segment within the selected consumer population aims at evaluating the potential drop of egg-producing(prenominal) students in purchasing fast food from the companys outlets. In order to obtain informed data, we will customize research questions to evaluate the students concerns on consumption of healthy food. completely the camp workouts of CBE yield a vast number of students. Therefore, the survey started by obtaining a representative type from the immaculate female student population. The sample comprised of students aged between 21-28years of age. Approximately 75% of the sample comprised of undergraduate students. The intact sample comprised of 100 students, all of which were female students. On the aspect of research design, the survey exercise take the use of questionnaires in getting information from the sampled students. Based on the work of Jessen (2008), questionnaires proved effective in acquiring first hand... The company conducting this survey plans to sell fast food to university students in the CBE. Hankin and Rhoads (2011) agree that from a theoretical perspective, fast foods are usually assoc iated with negative effects on health concerns of consumers. In this case, the company needs substantial knowledge before deciding to roll out a fast food program within the universitys premises. The desired market segment within the selected consumer population aims at evaluating the potential of female students in purchasing fast food from the companys outlets. In order to obtain informed data, we will customize research questions to evaluate the students concerns on consumption of healthy food. All the campuses of CBE have a vast number of students. Therefore, the survey started by obtaining a representative sample from the entire female student population. The sample comprised of students aged between 21-28years of age. Approximately 75% of the sample comprised of undergraduate students. The entire sample comprised of 100 students, all of which were female students. On the aspect of research design, the survey exercise adopted the use of questionnaires in acquiring information f rom the sampled students. Based on the work of Jessen (2008), questionnaires proved effective in acquiring first-hand information from the target consumers hence enhancing objectivity and reality of information obtained. In this regard, the exercise used primary feather sources in as the most appropriate mode of data collection.

Is One Experience Enough Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is One Experience Enough - Essay ExampleThe American population is a mixture of different people from all over the world, the country thus enjoys a rich heathen background, thus capable of accommodating any other new citizen as the essay below posits.The U. S is among the countries with one of the most liberal structures in the world. The county has a prepared civil group that monitors and criticizes the activities of the government with the get word of creating a constitutional environment. This way, the pressure groups ensure that the country maintains a high level of constitutionalism and the government esteem and safeguards the interests and rights of every citizen. The American constitution protects the rights of every citizen from whichever background. The country is among the first countries to protect the rights and privileges of the gays and lesbians. The controversial move to wrap up the sexually misconstrued group sought to offer a liberal society in which everyone en joys a peak of freedom regardless of their sexual orientations.Several nations globally do not recognize the group, in fact some countries both in the developed and developing economies still shuns the rare sexual connotations thus have the homosexuals to live in fear and secrecy. With the view of respecting and protecting human integrity, the American government by means of its vigilant citizenship and dynamic constitutionalism sought to incorporate the rights and privileges of every citizen including the homosexuals. Currently, the country is a safe haven for thousands of homosexuals from different countries through out of such countries due to the unnatural nature of their sexual orientation. The American society does not engage the sexuality among other individualised issues of an individual people in the society interact on personal levels without the investigation of private issues. This way, the American

B) The Electoral College was designed at a time when the framers of Essay

B) The electoral College was designed at a date when the framers of the Constitution decided not to trust the common humanity in sele - Essay ExampleIt is only used in presidential elections and appears to be used merely to increase the perceived margin of victory from the actual popular vote. Election reform supporters want to each eradicate the Electoral College outline entirely and replace it with the direct popular vote or embolden perceived defects in the present system. However, the Electoral College was put in place for a reason by the same minds who founded the nation. Maybe we should try to better understand their motives before scrapping the system. States with smaller populations argue that if the electoral system were eliminated corporationdidates for president would have no motivation to advertise or campaign there. Why visit a small state with a media market that reaches, say, 100,000 people, when a visit to a large state can put the candidate in touch with milli ons? (Gregg, 2001). Those opposed to the Electoral College want a direct depicted object election, contending that it would better represent the diversity of the country. A direct election system would create incentives for campaigns to spend time and money in small states. Candidates would collect votes for their effort even if they lost the state as a whole. Even more importantly, the financial calculus of election campaigns in a direct-election system might support level the playing field between large and small states.

Retail Internationalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Retail Internationalisation - Essay ExampleRetailers like Marks & Spencer, Next, Arcadia, Debenhams, Asda, Tesco, Bhs, brand-new Look and John Lewis are very famous in the UK for clothing sell outside(a)isation.This paper evaluates the guide factors behind the internationalisation of retailers in the UK from clothing perspective. It also provides the major reasons causing these retailers to move beyond the internal commercialise and seek opportunities internationally.Retailers around the work have been increasingly moving towards internationalisation in depend of better business opportunities. This is ion particular on the rise among UK retailers that have moved towards unusual markets at a fast rate over the stretch forth few decades. Retail internationalisation is important for startleting concept, sourcing and operable development. It further provides remarkable chances to grow and shine. Due to internationalisation, accumulation of information also takes place. It is very difficult to get all these facilities without moving outside (Akehurst and Alexander, 1996). There happen to be several factors that either push companies from home(prenominal) market or pull them towards internationalisation. These factors could be in the form of restrictive environment, saturated market and in high spirits competition in home market. Most importantly, the growth opportunities in the international market along with little intense competition and cultural proximity, greatly attract retailers to new foreign markets.Companies go for retail internationalisation because of its advantages. The retailers that have gone for internationalisation and opened their branches or franchise or export in foreign countries gain several benefits. They learn a lot about the particular market, they build up their first and take the technological and other advantages to grow and survive in the market. One of the reasons behind a society to go overseas market is the unavailabil ity of growth opportunities in the home market. (Treadgold, 2000) The companies limited to the domestic market do not advance in the business in the same manner as compared to those that take to the woods to go abroad. Debenhams, one of the leading international clothing retailers in UK, has achieved potential growth over the last four years. The company went for internationalisation for growth and prosperity. The company had been facing difficulties in the hometown. It started to internationalise from 1990 and entered into the Middle eastern United States market and then went to Malaysia and Hungary etc. during the period of internationalisation the company achieved remarkable success (Jones, 2003)Push factors influencing retail internationalisation are the facilities that are not available in the hometown. These factors may be cheaper labour, land or the opportunities, which are not available in the local markets. The other factors may be the market conditions i.e. regulatory en vironment, political and economic conditions etc. in which the survival of an organisation is difficult (Dawson, 1994). The firms doing business in the international market are mostly in search of place where the business could maximise its profits with minimum risk and investment. The motive behind different retailers to enter into various markets may be different, depending on the retailer and the market the business

Stuff paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

hurtle paper - Essay ExampleCoffee today is one of the most popular beverages in the world. The coffee beans are grinded to form a powder from which the beverage is prepared. It is one of the most popular beverages consumed by more(prenominal) than one third of the worlds total population. One major difference found in its consumption is in the way the absorb is consumed around the world. (Kolecki, n.d). People, in general, prefer to consume coffee accord to their taste and liking. This includes adding items like milk, creamer, and sugar to the actual coffee to create a sort outicular individualized taste. Therefore, part of the attraction of coffee as a drink is the fact that one can personalize the drink to ones individual liking. Coffees popularity has resulted in a wide demand and increase merchandise throughout the world. The raw materials for coffee are obtained from a fruits seed, which is known as the coffee bean. (As You Sow, 2010). These beans are collected from the coffee points that contain aromatic substances which add up to the taste of the beverage. When the berries are ripened, the beans provide a better taste for the beverage. The coffee trees themselves grow well in a climate of moderate temperature. Apart from the conditions of the climate, the fault too plays a vital role in cultivating the coffee beans. full-bodied soil enables better cultivation and production of the coffee beans. A well maintained volcanic soil also helps in the cultivation, as it improves the flavor of the beans. The manufacturing process of coffee does non end up impacting the environs as severely as the manufacturing of other beverages. (Wintgens, 2009). The environmental consequence is certainly varied as the tree is grown in places where the natural soil is at its best. The cultivation does not include any ersatz plantation or pesticides and hence it does not create chemical harm to the environment. Another aspect is the complaisant consequences of th e object, coffee. Due to the increased production of coffee beans, countries like Brazil and Africa have extensively benefited. Since the countrys economic stability grows through the plantation of coffee beans, the social consequence is obviously beneficial (Wintgens, 2009). However, this does not mean that there are not any environmental consequences within the production of coffee. The actual implement of the husbandry to produce coffee is cause for some concern. Coffee is a cash crop, meaning that land is often cleared to grow it, and this can take away from even more sustainable resources. close to type of monitoring program can be implemented to ensure that other resources are not being stripped, or at least stripped beyond their capacity to reproduce themselves. Where the rainforest is involved, this has caused festering concern for many environmentalists, since much of the time the rainforest will be unmakeed if profit is involved, and the rainforest is not something hu mans can recreate. Since many of the countries producing coffee are economically poor, they are willing to destroy natural resources in order to take advantage of greater economical gain (Wintgens, 2009). Coffee production can be made more sustainable through the monitoring of the land used in its development. If legislative rules are enacted to regulate the planting of coffee and the way coffee is grown, in order to

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Taxation - Essay sheathTaxation in essence is a system created in order to fuel the society, a carriage of giving back to society for its protection. This besides is not the case in modern times. Governments use gross to run the national affairs. One thing which has still not changed is using taskation to fund wars. This lend oneself was carried out by empires thosands of years ago and is still in pratice today.An income tax is a tax levied on the income of corporations or individuals. The amounts of tax is determined by not a fixed amount but by a percentage. This means that the tax would increase as the income increase. In most economies there are different tax brackets. This would mean that a certain percentage would be charged for an income of a certain level, however as the income would cross that threshold the tax rate would increase.There are four different types of income taxes ground on sources of funds accquired i.e. personal income tax, corporate income tax, capi tal gain tax, payroll tax and inheretence tax. The idea of income tax is not just to aquire money to run the society (government) but also to keep a tot on earnings of the rich. This system of check and balance ensures that a share is given back to eudaimonia of state. Inflation is also controlled through this mechanism. Moreover incomes taxes can be progressive, regressive or proportional.Sales tax is a form of consumption tax. Unlike the income tax it is not applicable when you earn but precisely when you spend. This is because although the tax is paid by vendors of commodities, it is not in fact actually paid by them. A typical example can be buying your favorite perfume from a shopping mall. When the payment is made there is a few extra pounds charged above the selling price. This is the sales tax the perfume seller will pay this amount to the government. The income tax would still apply on the seller on his profits and would be collected separately.Adam Smith

What you learned Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What you learned - Assignment poserAnd Aristotle was also the one who had pointed on mimesis in human nature, so things can be learned on examples.After studding philosophy myself I hypothecate one should examine it to have a feeling hes getting wiser and becoming more thoughtful and reasonable person. Felling of self-improving gives you dignity. And also philosophy gets thinking and speculative into a habit, so one will do less false and forced choices.I think following ethical goals in everyday life is necessary, because originally ethics is about rules and norms that keep society, compared to professional person life where also professional ethics rules exist. According to Aristotle, ethics is about good actions. So Im going to make actions in order to respect animal rights by not acquire products made from natural animals skin and forming myself a habit to check if production was tested on animals. And Im going to try to persuade my family and friends do the same by lay an e xample and by giving them knowledge why respecting animal rights in such way is good. Because kindred Plato, I think reasonable understanding whats good is prerequisite for good

Krause Corporation Investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Krause Corporation probe - Essay ExampleThey will take responsibility only if the system is installed exactly as per their instruction manual without any modifications. On the former(a) hand, Steve is 100% sure that much(prenominal) an installation may create problems in future. In short, Steve will not get the proper services from the supplier in future if something goes damage and only the mutual blaming and accusations will take place. Steves headaches will become doubled under such circumstances.On the other hand, if Steve fabricates the whole things in his workshop, he will emphatically have the better ideas virtually the functioning of each part and in future also, if some problems arise they can rectify the problems easily. A little pain took before the installation will reduce larger pains after the installation.The abet thing about the case is about the offered prices. It is somewhat difficult to believe that how can a supplier supply high-quality pipes for such low rates when the prices of others are 5 to 10 dollar above per e grandate foot. It is not evident from the case study that whether this low priced pipe has been used somewhere for a long time without any problems or not. If this supplier is able to meet all the quality requirements, it is difficult for other suppliers to exist in the market. Such huge differences in price per linear foot are definitely doubtful and Steve should consider that factor also.In short, in my opinion, Steve should not purchase the cheaper pipe from the above supplier in order to avoid future problems. It is better for Steve to fabricate the whole HVAC system in-house using their experience pieces of equipment in order to avoid futureproblems.

HRM Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HRM formula - Essay ExampleThis kind of behavior not only posed a threat to the story of the company but the unregulated stream of affairs also affected the children in a negatively charged way.Motivation theories state that different factors affect why people go to process and their performance and power is determined by these factors. These could be fulfillment of physiological, security, relationship, self esteem or self actualization need according to Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs. Other motivational factors would include Expectancy, Instrumentality and Valence according to Victor Vrooms possible action of motivation. Absence of these factors of motivation could easily lead to low performance and efficiency. Absenteeism would have been a problem if employees were charge fixed days but since the business demanded a fixed number of hours therefore employees preferred to subject area to the institution but work with a lax attitude.The low performance levels at social usefulness could also be nowly linked to the job characteristic model. Workers should be enthusiastic about the job they perform. They should have a certain level of intrinsic motivation which is related to the skill variety, task indistinguishability and task significance. Feedback from a job and consequences and results of workers activity also result in work effectiveness. Absence of these would change magnitude performance.It could be clearly observed that most of the motivational factors were absent from the job. The workers or the employees were not receiving any direct monetary compensation from the job and were ignorant about its true purpose the betterment of the society. Thus they could not relate to the real intention of the job. There was a pressure to attend but there was no regulator of the quality of work. There was absolutely no job related instrumentality of social work as there were no identifiable outcomes in form of promotions or

Managing Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Creativity - Essay ExampleI have been unendingly a lover of art and thanks to my older sister I grew up by going as often as we both could go to the High Art Museum of Santiago, Chile. She loved to take me to this rather dinky museum if we comp ar it with some of the European ones, but loaded with some extraordinary creates that till right away are some of the best to me. We were then delighted with the works of such talented Masters as Pedro lira (1845-1912), Camilo Mori (1896-1973) and Alberto Valenzuela Llanos (1869-1925), among so many other ones. Lately, in 1994, the Museum showed for the first time an exhibition that made us to be breathless with the perfection of paintings from Claudio Bravo (born in 1936). I was living in Spain at that date, but she told to me round this great exhibition and I immediately took interest by boping more about him done the newspapers and related literature I was able to get. I must admit that I have always consider myself with a much more classic and conservative tendency than modern on art feelings. It is still somehow difficult to me to understand the so called beauty of avant-garde or ultramodern paintings with outline figures that symbolize whatever the viewer wants to see. However, my husband had reason when telling me about the great artist I could found on the non-classic but surrealist Master Salvador Dali (1904-1989). Even though I lived for 3 eld in Spain, I never really took the trip to Figueras, to his Museum and natal city in the province of Gerona. But today I live in USA and knowing how famous Dali has always been and loving the idea of a small trip from our home in Greenville (SC) to the Salvador Dali Museum, St. Petersburg (Fla), we prepared ourselves for this adventure on art. It was then and there, three years ago when my eyes were opened to his work. I was tremendously impressed with his paintings. I truly never expect I was going to fall in love with them. They are not the classic st yle I am always looking for. The subject of his paintings is not obvious to my eyes and senses as the ones I know what I am seeing at the first sight of them for the first time. In contrast, they are truly liberal figures and shapes, colors, symbols, several paintings and ideas in one canvas, but mixed in a way that delighted my full attention till today. Since then I cannot ignore how splendid this eccentric artist was. He was eager for the new, not only for the subjects that he picked up to paint, but for the new ways of presenting them to the world. Always development different tools, from brushes to everything else that could allow him to accomplish what he had on mind at the time he was painting (Descharnes and Neret, 1998). Creativity and BusinessAt this point you might be wondering what this brief talk about my personal feelings on art has to do with business. But believe me, it is related. According to Wikipedia, the free web encyclopedia, creativity by definition is a m ental process that involves the generation of new beliefs, ideas, observations, or new associations amongst existing ones. And Dali is just one

Research Paper on the Psychology of Women Essay

Research Paper on the Psychology of Women - quiz Exampleen from an early age many times determines the type of vocation and thus put up scale women may believe they must conform to and be satisfied with instead of being situated by their own inherent talents and aptitude for learning.Though females comprise almost half of the workforce, they are bunched unitedly in tradings that are traditionally viewed as womens jobs which usually means they receive less allowance for their efforts (U.S. Department of Labor, 2003). The labor force is a system that is segregated on the basis of gender. In 2003, of those active as administrative assistants and secretaries, more than 96 percentage were women who also comprise more than 80 percent of elementary and middle school teachers while 90 percent of those employed in the nursing profession are women according to the Womens Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor. These figures support previous studies that confirm the propensity for women to engage educational paths and subsequently careers which historically have been deemed by society as the proper role for women (Hopkins & McManus, 1998). Conversely, hardly a(prenominal) women can be found employed in typical blue collar vocations that require high levels of physical exertion. For instance, only about 12 percent of all law enforcement officials, eight percent of civil, leash percent of construction workers and two percent of electricians are women (U.S. Department of Labor, 2003). The same gender bias prevails in certain areas of intellectual endeavors as well. For example, according to the October 1990 issue of Notices, of the 991 doctorates awarded in mathematics by institutions in the U.S. and Canada in 1989-1990, 18 percent of which were awarded to women (Schafer, 1991). While the lack of women employed in more physical jobs can be explained at least to some degree, the reasons that women are not usually considered as equals to their male counterparts in the sciences and mathematics fields is more of a

Response 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response 1 - duty assignment ExampleI would like to add that health informatics engine room is specifically important in the present age when people are generally endorsing more carefree and riskier purportstyles with respect to their diet and life choices, and at the same time, are becoming increasingly forgetful of their medical conditions and history. Health informatics technology is a great addition to the ever-advancing medical technology in that the focus of nurses and clinicians will now be on the selection of the best method of treatment rather than on finding ways to call accurate information from the patients. Yours is an elaborative response to the discussion questions and the statements and assertions are supported by reliable and apt sources, which reflects depth of research and richness of intellectual response. Just a small suggestion in my opinion, in the response to the first discussion question, the concluding sentence a recent article can be relocated to the b eginning section where other definitions of meaningful use have been discussed to give a fall apart flow and structure to the

Hate Crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hate Crimes - Essay ExampleThese prejudices are not inborn but kinda they are a result of the prejudices which children are exposed to through their families, friends, teachers and the media. This prejudices and biases lead to various stereotypes of different groups. flat the parenting style and personality factors were found to have an effect on the offenders of hate crimes. Creating a stereotype go for of a certain group often lead to bad judgments.Hate crimes gouge be pr eveted if even at an early age, children are taught that not all people are alike, that each unrivaled is a unique person. As such, individuals must learn to respect and accept the diversity of people in communities. predetermine and prejudices may not be totally eradicated but they should be kept at a level which does not develop into hate so as not to lead to violent crimes. Tolerance of separate peoples differences must be instilled in children at an early age.The government has led the route in prevent ing hate crimes by making policies and regulations which prevent racial discrimination and promote equality especially in the workplace. Government should provide economic opportunities to minority groups since it is believed that there is a link between economics and hate crimes. Local community leaders must be more aware of the presence of revolutionary groups who are tremendously prejudiced against certain groups.Reading the chapter makes one think whether hate crimes can be prevented or at the very least, be minimized. Another question is whether there is a way of spotting a person who will most likely commit a hate crime and if detected, can he be swayed into doing otherwise? Is there a way of controlling or limiting ones prejudices and biases so as not to move one from committing a hate

Depend on writter Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Depend on writter - Research Paper Examplem to be an easy task looking at it casually but it entails making creative and strategic decisions aimed at outdoing other competitors and at the same time playing around with the psychology of the targeted consumers in order to jump their minds towards accepting the product (Gobe 2001, 51). To achieve this goal, an effective advert campaign should involve an account planner, who can be described as a individual with extensive training, and experience as well as an good in acquiring information and utilizing it in a professional manner to maximize the results. This essay is a critical evaluation of the roles of an account planner, aimed at convincing a client on why he should involve one on the agency team for his brand.Advertising as discussed herein is a work on that requires high coordination of activities so that a smooth running is achieved in achieving the desired results. It is not possible for everyone in the marketing department to wake up and go to the society to introduce a product without branch having to acquire information and views of the targeted market group. This is where the role of the account planner comes in. To begin with, he has the responsibility of conducting research and processing the raw data acquired, so that he can be in a arrange to add quality to the marketing events long before they take place. According to Steel, going out to give notice (of) without first of all conducting research is equivalent to a pilot flying or a person walking without exactly knowing where he or she is going (Steel 1998, 33). By so doing, he would be wasting a lot of time finding way to his destination or even take apart to reach it. This is important in that it helps to identify areas or regions that require more attention than others. For example, if the mode of advertising is through road shows, it is almost impossible and costly to crisscross the whole country for example. What he does is that he g oes out ahead collecting data for example in areas that are

Supply and demand Essay Example for Free

Supply and demand EssayCoffee is the pieces second largest traded commodity it is used non only for drinking but for soft drinks and cosmetics as well, it is second only to oil according to all imports and exports from all countries. They atomic number 18 two main types Arabica deep brown (most people are used to this and are more popular) and in that respect is Robusta deep brown. In the last two age the tolls of java tree bean give track been gradually falling (Ycharts. (2013). Coffee Arabica determine) alongside this, the supply of deep brown berry has also been falling. Although there move over been some expense fluctuations at times and this could end up really affecting an frugality that depends on hot chocolate. The reason that this is such a big deal is because the countries that heavily depend on coffee exports are usually developing countries and with the scathe of coffee falls, so does their rate of development, these countries involve countries s uch as Vietnam, Ethiopia, Peru and Guatemala who are all within the cosmeas top ten coffee explicaters (Justin Doom. (2011).Worlds Top 10 Coffee-Producing Countries in 2010-2011). When these economies are weakened, they face to their governments, who need to somehow intervene in the coffee market and try to stabilise the legal injurys so that they can reach their ultimate goal to continue to develop. Price stability in the coffee market is an ideal scenario in a market where the prices for coffee do not alter drastically. They whitethorn raise a little or fall, but never by a noticeable amount, and are easy to predict, which can help coffee producers plan for the far future.It is not only important to coffee producers, but to the economy as whole, if the prices for coffee are unstable, for some countries this could mother a huge impact on the inflation levels. The diagram be hapless describes how an unstable price for coffee can extend and affect the short run aggregate supply and cause the general price level for the economy to rise and therefore causing inflation as they did in July 2012 (Ycharts. (2013).There are several reasons why the prices of coffee have been fluctuating, but still gradually falling. The first reason is that coffee or coffee beans are extracted from plants. These plants must first be grown, then harvested.There is only so much mankind can do to ensure that there is always excess coffee just sometimes natural disasters can occur, and there is nothing that farmers can do to prevent this, when natural disasters occurs it heart and soul that farmers will have small yields and supply for coffee will be low, for modeling Colombia, one of the worlds leading coffee producers and exporters, in recent course of studys have been experiencing poor weather conditions which have led to production falling by 12% to 7. 809 million bags in 2011 which is a record low that hasnt been seen since 1976. This can cause the price to increase seeing a s coffee is the worlds second most demanded commodity.These poor conditions consisted of excessive heavy rainfall, disease, pest and limited sunlight (Zacks Equity Research. 2 (2012)). The graph below shows how the supply for coffee has decrease leading to a rise in price On the other hand this is just an example for Colombia and for the rest of the world the prices for coffee have been falling for the last four years, this is due to wealthy individuals and companies use their money to invest in the global coffee suppliers, and other large coffee producers such as Brazil (the world number three) has been turning come to the fore exalted yield and is expected to do so in following years.Fain Shaffer, president of timeless existence trading crop expects coffee to be traded by one dollar to a pound of coffee, figures which have not been seen since September 2006. (Alexandra Wexler. (09/17/2013)) Coffee prices may currently be relatively stable at the moment however according to rese arch conducted by the Royal Botanical Edinburgh along with Ethiopian scientists and capital of the United Kingdoms Botanical Garden, Kew, have predicted that wild Arabica coffee will be extinct by the year 2080. If the prices begin to fall, all of a jerky the prices for coffee will no longer be stable.No unsophisticated operates on a 100% free market. All economies are mixed, some tend to be freer than others, however should a country find that prices are volatile or unfair, they can always commit on the government to intervene, aka government intervention. One way a government could help stabilise the price of coffee is through buffer stock schemes, these schemes focus on the prices of coffee and try to stabilize the price, they do this by first establishing the intervention price, this is a price the government thinks is most suitable for coffee.Once this has been found the government will then buy up a lot of coffee when the price is at its lowest, they continue to do this un til prices for 3 coffee begin to rise again, and to balance out the price to line sure it is at the intervention price. They are constantly buying coffee to balance out the price.This is an legal method in theory however in real life they do not arrive at out as planned because the people in charge of the buffer stock tend to kick the bucket greedy and try to maximise profits rather than help the economy as a whole and end up just constantly buying till they go bust. A intimately example of a successful buffer stock scheme is in Brazil, for years Conab, Brazils authorised crop bureau has been buying coffee at low prices and uses it to help local producers when the selling price for coffee is too low.Between 2003-2004 Conab had just under four million KGs accumulated. (Geoff Riley. (2012)) Another issue with this is that it is very difficult for a government to raise enough money to buy up enough coffee to influence the natural supply and demand. It is also expensive to store large amounts of coffee and because it is an agricultural good it has a shelf life. Another method the government could intervene is through Subsidies.A subsidy is a grant given by the government in order to increase production, this would help producers who have produce low yields due to high taxation and or high costs If the government could make coffee more attractive this could help stabilise the price if supply started to fall. This however is not a very effective method because it can only help bring the supply of coffee back up, and it may be able to work to well, if producers begin to produce excess supply the prices of coffee could start to increase sharply leaving the prices unstable yet again.Buffer stock schemes are the most ideal way for a government to ensure price stability, and the success of the scheme depends heavily on whether or not the Government can provide proper facilities to accommodate huge quantities of coffee and are able to cave in to buy enough Coffee to be able to alter the market forces so that if prices go to high they can bring them down and if they go to low that they can bring them back up again, if not it could result in huge losses for the economy and even end up setting the country back. The supply and demand of coffee can and always will be prone to quick sudden changes due to circumstances that are unavoidable.

Concepts of Equality, Diversity and Rights in Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

Concepts of Equality, change and Rights in Health and Social C ar EssayWithin this assign manpowert, I have been addressed as a manager of a residential wish home and I have the responsibility to provide a set of materials (leaflets, booklets, PowerPoint slides, posters) that can be used for information and training purposes) for my training staff. I have chosen to do this by writing a detailed leaflet in the style of an assignment so information can be thorough and clear.RightsWithin the category of wellness and social care, the declines that were empower to are substantially important. From time to time, or even regularly mortals will have to use sectors that tinge to health and social care such as going to the doctors, hospital or a dentist. These state- back offed health services are mandatory for individuals and the public to use as individuals with long term health conditions or disabilities rely on the care they provide. Among public health services there are as well social care services which have a responsibility to provide support for individuals with mental health problems, supporting the elderly and in addition the disabled inwardly their homes. Other services include receiving appropriate care in day centres, residential and nursing homes and giving children who dont live with their parents the care theyre entitled to.From this, it is concluded that whenever an individual is provided to have to use the health care service, experience medical preaching or social care they have the expert not to be discriminated against in terms of grammatical gender, race, gender identity, religion, disability of sexual orientation. Not only are these rights mandatory, individuals are also fully supported and protect by the written rights under the European Convention on Human Rights which have relevance within health and social care as their rights include The right to life, the right not to be subjected to twinge or to inhumane degrading tre atment or punishment, the right to liberty and security of soulfulness and also the right to respect for private and family life.ChoiceAcross the UK, it is becoming much common that an individual is obtaining more control from being able to choose the care and treatment they are receiving. The full aim from this transplant of choice is to be able to entitle an individual to become fully aware of the treatment and support that is available to them and advice on which would be best to choose. An example of this could being able to choose the hospital and individual receives their care in or if they require care at home they should be given a cash budget to be able to suit their needs and money limits. Overall, choice is imposed within health and social care as its to ensure that individuals have access to the best and right support, having access to a range of health and social care services locally and nationally, being be partners with their doctor or carer in their decisions ab out their health and social care, and also being entitled to what their choices are and to make this clear within all health and social care circumstances.EqualityDuring 2010 the equality tour was introduced, mandatory for protecting individuals rights and promoting the significance and importance of equality of opportunity for every champion individual. Whether these opportunities would be minor or major in value, the equality act would play a significant role in allowing these opportunities to commence. Examples of opportunities may include having the right to attend a public event, or having the right to use public services. Furthermore, equality is an important role which also links back to the role of variation as people can be discriminated against due to their age, race, disability, and gender and so on, the equality act of 2010 stops this from occurring within health and social care settings and it signifies that each individual should all be treated equally.DiversityDi versity is a more complex word for difference. However, diversity is about acknowledging the differences between individuals themselves, and also host differences. Individual differences include factors such as differing within race, age, gender, social status, disability, weight and so on. A person within a health and social care setting as a worker may experience misuse of diversity due to a difference they may have to another individual. For example, if a nurse refuses to treat a patient who may be suffering from a common tho life threatening issue such as a heart attack, but is also a disabled individual, this current nurse would be misusing the legislation of diversity awareness, and would also most likely be on the way to becoming unemployed. In terms of acts that are significant to the roles of diversity happening in health and social care settings, the sex discrimination act of 1975 is a prime example of how men and women are treated equally even though their genders diffe r.

Water Hardness Essay Example for Free

Water Hardness EssayMETHODS1. Prepare an approximate 0.004 M disodium EDTA solution. To prepare this solution, iron out about 0.7-0.8 g of Na2EDTA and dissolve in 500 mL deionized water in your plastic bottle. demand to to shake the bottle to dissolve the salt. 2. Obtain a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask and transfer a 10 mL of CaCO3 using a buret into the flask. 3. Mea accepted 30 mL of deionized water and add it into the titration flask. 4. Make sure to stir the solution5. Inside a fume hood, add 3mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pH10) into the flask and stir for another(prenominal) 30 seconds. 6. Add four drops of Eriorchrome blackamoor T indicator solution. Stir for another 30 seconds 7. Begin titration. Record your initial record and final volume. At the endpoint, the color will qualifying to pink to violet to blue. 8. Repeat this titration two more times. Now that you recorded the volume, your second and third discharge should be a lot easier.9. Take your water sampl e that you obtain from the stockroom and record the uncharted number. 10. Transfer 25 mL of the chartless water sample to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. 11. Add about 20 mL of deionized water to the titration flask. Stir for 30 seconds 12. Inside a fume hood, add about 3 mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pH10) and stir for another 30 seconds. 13. Add four drops of Eriorchrome Black T indicator solution to your flask and stir for 30 seconds. 14. Begin titrating. Record you initial volume and final volume. Repeat this twice more. Calculate the average severity and your experimental precision from the three trials.RESULTSEDTA theme0.7533g of Na2EDTA mixed with 500ml DI waterTable A Standardization of EDTATrial Start deal End Volume Amount of EDTA1 3.90ml 29.85ml 25.95ml2 5.35ml 28.35ml 23.00ml3 0.45ml 23.50ml 23.05mlMoles EDTA calculations1st and tertiary trial(10.1 mL CaCO3) x (1L/1000ml) x 1.000g CaCO3/1L) x (1 mole CaCO3/100.1 g CaCO3) x (1 mole EDTA / 1 mole CaCO3) x (1000m l/L) = 0.101moles EDTA/Lsecond trial(9.90 ml CaCO3) x (1L/1000mL) x (1.00 g CaCO3/L) x (1 mole CaCO3/100.1g CaCO3) x (1 mole EDTA/1 mole CaCO3)x (1000 mL/1L) == 0.099 moles EDTA/LMean molarity(0.101 + 0.099 + 0.101)/3 = 0.100 moles EDTA / LWater hardness calculations inscrutable water sample 24Table 2. Water sampleTrial EDTA Water sample 241 13.45ml 25.1ml2 13.35ml 25.5ml3 13.50ml 25.0mlCaCO3 molar mass 100.1g/mole1st trial(13.45 mL EDTA/25 mL of unknown water sample) x (1L/1000mL) x (0.101 molesEDTA/1L) x (1mole CaCO3/1 mole EDTA) x (100.1 g CaCO3/1 mole) x (1000 mg CaCO3/1g) x (1000mL/1L) == 5439.2 mg CaCO3/1L2nd trial(13.35 mL EDTA/25 mL of unknown water sample) x (1L/1000mL) x (0.099 moles EDTA/1L) x (1mole CaCO3/1 mole EDTA) x (100.1 g CaCO3/1 mole) x (1000 mg CaCO3/1g) x (1000mL/1L) == 5291.9 mg CaCO3/1L3rd trial(13.50 mL EDTA/25 mL of unknown water sample) x (1L/1000mL) x (0.101 moles EDTA/1L) x (1mole CaCO3/1 mole EDTA) x (100.1 g CaCO3/1 mole) x (1000 mg CaCO3/1g) x (1000m L/1L) == 5459.5 mg CaCO3/1LCalculate the total hardness in ppm CaCO31st trial13.45ml EDTA x (0.004M/1000ml) x (100.1g CaCO3/1mole CaCO3) x (1000mg CaCO3/1g CaCO3) x (1000L/25.1ml) = 214.6 ppm CaCO32nd trial13.35ml EDTA x (0.004M/1000ml) x (100.1g CaCO3/1mole CaCO3) x (1000mg CaCO3/1g CaCO3) x (1000L/25.5ml) = 209.6 ppm CaCO33rd trial13.50ml EDTA x (0.004M/1000ml) x (100.1g CaCO3/1mole CaCO3) x (1000mg CaCO3/1g CaCO3) x (1000L/25ml) = 216.2 ppm CaCO3Average ppm (216.2 + 209.6 + 214.6)/3 = 213.5ppmCONCLUSIONThe concentration was reason to be 213.5 ppm in the unknown which is right about in between Phoenix water hardness which is 164-291 ppm.REFERENCEDepartment of Chemistry.(2012,February).Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness.Mesa ArizonaCity of Phoenix Official Websitehttp//phoenix.gov/waterservices/quality/index.html

The novella Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck Essay Example for Free

The novella Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck canvasI am going to write about the way Steinbeck creates and describes outsiders. John Steinbeck writes from own past arrive and uses it to inform us, as he worked on scatteres and wrote about what he palpated in his time. In 1936 a novella about both migrant farm labourers who represent of a class that desire for a home, of which it seems they perpetu all toldy deprived. In articulate to gain perspective into the lives in the novella Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck uses themes and language of the troubling quantify of the Great Depression in America and Steinbecks own past experience. Of Mice and Men reflects the time of early experience in ranch life were chronicles a time of social disintegration and a mass of unemployment. Employers continually rewarded the employees with bad pay, insecure work and dangerous working conditions unlike the working society we have today. This was study pressure on Americans at the time and caused depres sion and isolation, mostly common to relentlesss, racial prejudice from whites towards black people. Blacks were always creation discriminated against in all argonas of life and were frequently victims if something was wrong.The novella Of Mice and Men, Crooks demonstrates this. Crooks was employed to be a stable buck (takes c be of the horses). He is the only black worker on the ranch he is a proud and lonely man who has to live apart from the other workers who were white. He shares his lodgings with no one but him self. Crooks is banned from the bank house because he is black. The only relief and comfort he obtains is from competing in the horse shoe game and caring for the horses.Steinbeck introduces Crooks into the novel considerably, by describing the component with considerable condole with and sympathy this is shown by the continually detailing of Crooks crooked back. Steinbeck describes Crooks as an friendless by the colour of his skin. on that lead is no doubt that Crooks would be lynched if Curleys married woman chose to pick on him instead of Lennie. Steinbeck shows us the time at Christmas when Crooks was invited into the bunkhouse, he was constantly picked on for a fight, it was made out that it was normal for Crooks to be picked on. The others saw no reason why Crooks should not be their victim comely because he is black, although because of his back injury allowances were made.George and Lennie are outcasts and exiles, the reason being that they are itinerant workers and they are always in c one timert. Steinbeck plays on George and lennie for that reason, they go invariablyywhere together whereas compare to other people at that moment and time many people worked and went places on their own. sooner in the novella Slim emphasises that it is unusual for guys to travel around together he said Aint many guys travel round together this shows us how unique and special George and Lennies relationship is and shows that both the characters ar e outsiders. The ranch workers have noticed that they have come together to the ranch to work and immediately see the two as a pair and therefore they treat them similarly because it is not normal in their point of view for two men to travel together.The scene were George fling offed Lennie instead of the other ranch workers wanting to kill him for suffocating Curleys wife, unintentionally, immediately eliminates an immense burden and a threat to Georges life and he may right away no longer be classed as an outsider by the ranch workers because he is now unsocial which is normal according to the workers at that time. His new burden is now hopelessness and loneliness, the life of a homeless ranch worker. Slims comfort at the end You hadda George indicates the sad truth that you have to surrender your dreams in order to survive, not the easiest of things to do in America.Curleys wife, I think is described well by Steinbeck she also is an outcast which is the main theme that I am w riting about. For instances Steinbeck simply abduces Curleys wife Curleys wife passim the story, because her name is not mentioned and she is only identified as Curleys wife is a good way in my opinion to show then character as an outsider because it indicates that she is not a main character and that she is not all that important as she is only referred to as Curleys wife, it also shows that no one ever stays long enough to get close enough to her to find out her real name because they will most likely be threatened by Curley who was some control and command everywhere the ranch because his father owns it, so the workers try to stay away from Curleys wife because they fear they will be canned (dismissed). The ranch workers know full well to stay away from Curleys wife because it is her who finds them because she is bored and just wants company.Soon after George and Lennie arrive at the ranch Curleys wife is there to greet them and she immediately catches Lennies nerve center an d Lennie almost falls for her until George explains to him the what would happen if he got involved with her. She appears at the door of the bunkhouse and later Crookss room feign to be looking for him when she is actually looking for company, as if they can afford to care when their jobs and physical well being are at stake, she says Think I dont like to talk to somebody ever once in awhile? Think I like to stick in that house alla time?Although Curleys wife likes to flirt, her isolation is genuine she says Satiday night. Everbody out doin sompin. Everbody An what am I doin ? Standin here talking to a bunch of bindle stiffs an likin it because they aint no body else there is no way out of her alienation from the other characters on the ranch, who are all men. When she develops her ill fated relationship with Lennie she tells him she gets awful lonely, and like Crooks, appeals to him to understand how she feels.To Curleys wifes disappointment at not being in the movies, as says she had an opportunity to be in them, she marries Curley and soon regrets it.This brings my essay to an end as Steinbeck also finds other ways to develop the theme of loneliness and outsiders by the near by town called, Soledad and Crookss birthplace, means lonely in Spanish. George can so often be found playing solitaire, a card game for one player is a reminder that George will soon discover we are all alone in the end. In my opinion the main reason for being an outsider is in all likelihood because they have not been accepted into the group (ranch workers) and therefore they will feel lonely and an outcast.

More sports in school Essay Example for Free

More sports in school EssayMore Sports in School Did you know six of seven of the world world identical more than one sport? Our school needs more sports. approximately of the students like sports, unless we do not pretend enough sports. Some students want to be a player when they nurture up. Sports make your body stronger. We need more sports for the students, so they can become talented. Students can agree somewhat teamwork, leadership, and sportsmanship. This can contribute to their development as solid citizens. According to the American Academy of Child childlike Psychiatry website, in two thousand eight between sixteen percent and thirty triplet percent of children and teens were considered obese. In organized team sports, students work together to accomplish a task and learn from their mis generates. Nicole M. LaVoi wrote school should have more sports to have fun, mastery, teamwork, and become professionals. There be a lot of sports like soccer, basketball, t ennis, football, volleyball, hockey etc.Website http//blogs. edweek. org/edweek/schooled_in_sports/2013/10/ny_times_hosts_roundt equal to(p)_ on_ pros_and_cons_of_youth_sports.html Academically weak students are able to excel in sports and are challenged to improve their abilities.Furthermore, D. E. builds teamwork and units thee class as a group, living cultural or social background behind. In doing sport on regular basis, students become fitter and thus. Their self-steam is increased, but most importantly, it is fun. Many students who do not have the opportunity to participate in physical activities outside of school are thankful to do sports in school. If student savour sports they are more likely to care about education in general and in doing so improve their schoolwork.Sports only keeps the students healthy, but also gives them a fun give away of other schoolwork. That is approximately one in four children who is over the suggested body fat limit for their age. Anyone is abl e to participate in sports and since a D. E. program in school offer unlike kind of sports. Some students argue about the fact that school should only be and not fun, because they are two different things. The time should be used to study instead of doing D. E. just the contrary is true. There are schools where students have D. E. lesson every day.org/essay/sports-is-a-necessary-part-of-168936. html Sports can help the students to improve their abilities. Sports are fun and students were exercising maculation playing sports. Soccer is the most exercised sports, because you have so much running to do. If there are more sports in school, it will be easy for the students to become talented and to be professional players. If student enjoy playing sports their more likely to care about their education. Sports keeps you physically fit, mentally strong, builds characters, and it is a way to take your mind off of school and other things.

Internet Essay Example for Free

Internet EssayInternet these days is in truth advanced because you screw see that internet is everywhere like school, home, and malls as well. There is Wi-Fi where you dont need to flock in a wire in the estimator or laptop to make the internet work. I chink that internet is a useful tool for high school students because firstly, you can finish aside your pouch or research quickly. Secondly, you can save your document into your e-mail. Thirdly youll be able to provide intelligence informations using Google translation. Firstly, internet is a useful tool for doing assignments and research quickly because instead of winning a book forbidden and looking for the answer would take up a lot of epoch. just now if you would use the internet it would go faster and do it faster because the internet gathers the information instantly. Also the position and information you look up is already on the internet and the internet is more updated thence the textbook. When you would m ature readiness in class you can find the answer on the internet within a few minutes. The textbook would take a lot of time researching and writing the answer down on a sheet of paper. But instead of that you would use the internet to research and type it on the computer because it would do faster and save time. Therefore internet is a useful tool for doing assignments and research.Secondly, internet is a useful tool for saving document on an e-mail and transferring to usb. Instead of taking your paper out and writing for hours and hours keeping it with you it would take a long time. When you do it on the computer the internet would mechanically save the document. If you would write it down on a piece of paper you could have lost it either time and would have gotten ripped by a dog or your brother/sister. If you want to send it to your whiz it would take a minute on the internet. When you would write it on the paper you would have to write it once more to give to your friend and that would be boring or waste of time. When you want to do it on the position point you would open your e-mail, gather information from the usb and it would save time by jotting ideas straight on the computer.Thirdly, internet is a useful tool for using the Google translation. If you had to write it down you would have to use the vocabulary and it would take you several hours. Instead of that you would use the Google translation that would save you a lot of time. The special social function about Google translation is that you could write any sentence or paragraph in English and then you would get the translation from another language. Also you would have to use books and dictionary to find each word and write it in a paragraph or sentence that would take you a lot of time and 88% of people use Google translation. Therefore, internet is a useful tool for Google translation.In conclusion, I agree internet is useful tool for high school students because firstly, you can finish off your project and research quickly. Secondly, you can save your document into your e-mail. Thirdly, you can use Google translation to translate words. Internet these days is very advanced because the internet is a very helpful tool and the internet helps the student complete their homework faster than it takes for a student to finish their homework by researching books and dictionaries. Now you can compare that internet is much faster and advanced then using textbook and dictionaries. Imagine using book or dictionary as a source to complete homework or any other project?

Phobias Essay Example for Free

Phobias EssayA phobia is a communal word to describe an unhealthy set in which people experience defective dismay of certain things or phenomena and demonstrate irrational behavior. The standard checkup exam definition of phobia defines it as early always, excessive dismay of about particular type of object or situation fear that is persistent and without sound grounds, or without grounds accepted as reasonable by the sufferer (Beck, Emery, Greenberg 1985115). Over any, the primary(prenominal) symptoms of a phobia atomic number 18 the presence of fear and by avoidance behavior (Hamilton 1995170). This fear should be excessive and manifested in physical symptoms, much(prenominal) as dryness of the mouth, nausea, sweat, and even faintness. The presence of excessive fear then leads a person to avoid the dreaded situation. Whatever the symptoms of the phobia might be, it is certain that phobias are a serious condition that can adversely affect the life of a person. In the following, we debate various typical types of phobias, demonstrating their harmful influence on peoples lives. One of the most common phobias is agoraphobia, a generalized fear of leaving home or a small known safe and sound area, and of possible panic attacks that might follow.Agoraphobia is the only phobia regularly treated as a medical condition (Wikipedia, 2006). This condition is sensation of the few phobias that are regularly treated with medication and behavioral therapy. When preface in individuals, agoraphobia can seriously impair an individuals ability to interact with the environment. Quite often, it impart restrict a persons willingness to relocate or even move out of ones home. Agoraphobia typically emerges in individuals in their twenties who have a a lowered doorstep for panic attacks associated with separation (Beck, Emery, Greenberg 1985 134).Another widespread type is genial phobia related to the general loathe of society aggravated to the degree of a me dical condition. Another term for the same disease is the social anxiety disorder. The medical definition describes this phobia as excessive long-lasting social anxiety cause relatively extreme distress and impaired ability to function in at least some areas of daily life (Wikipedia, 2006). This fear can be seen in ordinary shyness which is characteristic of close to all people in certain situations. However, whether shyness can be seen as a phobic condition is a matter of debate.In addition, there are more specific conditions that focus on selected objects or situations. One example is needle phobia, a recently defined medical condition that affects at least 10% of the population (Hamilton 1995170). The people who suffer from this condition have developed an aversion to all kinds of medical procedures that involve an injection, which often triggers an avoidance of health care as a whole. It is certain that this condition can put the lives of people who demonstrate it in serious d anger if it leads them to neglect a prognosticate to a doctor.Therefore, phobias are serious health disorders that have the potential to seriously disrupt an individuals life. Whereas people often demonstrate irrational behavior, only some instances have been classified as medical conditions qualifying for the definition of phobia. These include agoraphobia, or fear of open spaces or unwillingness to leave the familiar space, social phobia, also known as social anxiety disorder, and some more specific conditions, such as needle phobia. To a different degree, these phobias are widely spread and affect a larger proportion of population.

Evaluating Truth and Validity Essay Example for Free

Evaluating loyalty and Validity EssayTruth and stiffness atomic number 18 two different concepts which should not be confused, although they are usually taken as synonyms in common langu time. In logic, it is said that the leaning is reas aced when the terminal follows deductively from the exposit. While of the premises and the conclusion is that they are true or false, the arguwork forcets are said to be valid or invalid. The validity or invalidness of the argument does not depend on its conclusion to be true. According to Moss (2007) Understanding Truth aims to neaten the notion of truth, and the role it plays in our ordinary thought, as well as in our logical, philosophical, and scientific theories. The argument is valid, when you eat consistency and sense. It has coherence because the premises do not contradict each separate and moderate to the conclusion (para.12). Therefore, we must distinguish between the concept of truth and validity. Truth is some liaison t hat is preached propositions or educational activitys. Validity is predicated of the arguments. Truth makes reference to the content, and the validity to the shape or structure of the arguments.This practice session will address three scenarios in which it will evaluate each argument, using the 4- smell process regarding truth and validity. The first scenario is Power must be evil because it poop corrupt hoi polloi. The first thing this paper will address is if the argument is declared extensivey and in a clear way. The statement has a apart(p) premise. The premise expressed of the statement can be view as Power is evil because it creates corruption. Therefore must powerful battalion are corrupt. The statement has errors affecting truth. From the statement we know that the statement is overgeneralizing its context because it is taking a valid point and it is extending it beyond the limits of reasonableness. Sometimes this statement can be true exclusively we cant assume all powerful people are evil. The fact that power corrupts all people is a negative statement.All throughout history there has been many of people that had power that were not evil. For Example, Nelson Mandela was a very powerful man in South Africa. According to Vallely (2003) His life was an inspiration not up well(p) in South Africa but throughout the world, to all who are oppressed and deprived, and to all whoare contend to oppression and deprivation. He was a model of faith, hope and charity (para.11). In the other hand, there has been people corrupted that had power. For Example, Adolf Hitler and snooze were very powerful and corrupt individuals. According to Napoleon and Hitler (2010) Both were heartless and cavalier about the lives of their men (Napoleon A man like me cares little about losing the lives of a million men Hitler I can send the flower of German youth into the hell of war without the slightest pity).As for their legacies, Seward states that Napoleon began the ir reversible destruction of the old hierarchical, Christian Europe and the Fuhrer completed it (para.12). According Kivisto (2013) Evil is an entity, person, place or thing that does not deserve compromise or negotiation. It must be destroyed. Dictionary. Reference.com describes it as the force in nature that governs and gives rise to wickedness and sin (para.2) Also, not all corrupt people are evil. Mexico, for example, is full of corrupt leaders, but in the other hand, there are not evil. Another corrupt nerve is the Federation International of Football Association, known as FIFA, but is not evil. How corrupt you set about to be to be consider Evil. There are people who are corrupt, but are not in any way evil. In conclusion, it is establish that this argument is so flawed that the only thing to do is to throw it out and embrace a different argument. It is found that power if used right can do so much good, and if power is in the wrong hands it can do enormous harm.The second sce nario talks about The quote cod habit promotes careless spending, particularly among preteen people. Therefore, recognise card companies should not be permitted to event credit cards to anyone low age 21. This reading will evaluate truth and validity and also it will talk about the four step process in evaluating an argument. Not all young people are careless spenders. The statement The credit card habit promotes careless spending, particularly among young people. Therefore, credit card companies should not be permitted to issue credit cards to anyone under age 21. Is not truth as it is written. From past experiences people came to the conclusion that in fact people under the age of 21 get into a lot of debt from credit cards, but not all the debt is form credit cards. Also, there is a lot of people that arrive credit card debt and over 21.This readingnotice that this argument is overgeneralizing its context. This statement could be truth at times. According to Herman (2008) Credit card companies have been pursuing teenagers and designing credit cards so they can learn about the credit system, says Gary Herman, President of Consolidated Credit. And although most teenagers dont fully discover the repercussions of using a credit card and the impact it can have on their future monetary situations, more teens are working and are spending their own money. Credit card companies believe they have hit the jackpot (para.3). In the other hand, there have been many people who are change with credit card debt and are over the age of 21. In the following step checking for validity errors, it is found that this statement is somewhat valid. Credit card companies dont promote careless spending. It is the parents responsibilities to teach their kids of proper ways to manage their finances.The argument talks about credit cards are promoting careless spending in which is true, but there is a lot of people under the age of 21 who are responsible for owning a credit card . Not all young people under 21 are careless spenders. The final step is to validate errors, if found the reading will order the argument to lapse them. The credit card habit promotes careless spending, particularly among young people. Therefore, credit card companies should run credit checks on all people applying for one. The third scenario talks about Low grades on a college transcript are a handicap in the stage business securities industry, so teachers who grade raspingly are doing students a disservice. To make the expression complete, the reading will identify the premises that are hidden in this argument. Companies take into consideration a lot of factors when it comes to hiring personal, and one of those is how well they did in school to embroil grades.Employers want productive employees and ones that perform well. If an applicant with good grades apply for a position and another one with bad grades apply nine out of ten the one with the good grades will get the job. instructors main job is to teach coach and mentor them towards their entrance in the job market and to make sure they meet all the requirements of a desired profession. Teachers who grade harshly are doing disserve to students by many different ways. Teachers may deduct points because of lack of participation or attendance, which it doesnt means he is a bad student but in the other hand he might have job that intervenes with him being on time. This statementcontains an element of truth, yet it is not accurate. According to Belkin (2003) The test, called the Collegiate tuition Assessment, provides an objective, benchmarked report card for critical thinking skills, said David Pate, dean of the School of Arts and Sciences at St. trick Fisher College, a small liberal-arts school near Rochester, N.Y. The students will be able to use it to go out and market themselves.The test is part of a movement to find new ways to task the skills of graduates. Employers say grades can be misleading and that they have grown skeptical of college credentials. (para.3). In the other hand according to McNicol (1999) In the independent performance survey of the 25 colleges, Georgian had impressive results, including above-average tons for graduate placement and satisfaction, Georgian officials said. The survey was conducted as part of the accountability initiatives spearheaded by the Ontario Ministry of Education and Training. Called the differentiate performance indicators (KPI) project, it found 90 per cent of 600 Georgian College grads surveyed found work within six months of graduation, passably higher than the system- wide 89 per cent (pg.2). In the final step, it will revise the argument to eliminate errors.The statement Low grades on a college transcript are a handicap in the job market, so teachers who grade harshly are doing students a disservice has errors. Not all companies look into college transcripts onwards they hired a future employee they are several other fact s that come in play originally the hiring process, for example past experiences, work history, military experience, resume, etc. In conclusion, validity is a property of forms or structures of deductive arguments. It does not mean that their proposals are always true. An invalid form means that even if the premises are true, the conclusion is not necessarily true. Therefore, there are deductive arguments that may be valid, but not true, and, therefore, not solid.ReferencesMoss, P. A. (2007). Reconstructing validity. Educational Researcher, 36(8), 470-476. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/216903729?accountid=458 Vallely, P. (2013, Dec 07). Nelson Mandela. The Independent Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1465444822?accountid=458 NAPOLEON ANDHITLER. (2010). Kirkus Reviews, Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/915700909?accountid=458 Kivisto, P. (2013). Evil. Choice, 50(5), 976. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1312183109?acco untid=458 Herman, G. (2008). Teenagers credit cards. Retrieved from www.consalidatedcredit.org http//www.consolidatedcredit.org/credit-card-debt/teenagers-and-cards/back Belkin, D. (2013, Aug 25). Are you name for the post-college SAT? employers say they dont trust grade-point averages. Wall Street Journal (Online) Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1427661410?accountid=458 McNichol, P. (1999, Mar 11). Good grades for georgian nigh grads, employers happy with college courses. Sun Times Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/349164482?accountid=458

Describe the main grievances of the Russian people Essay Example for Free

Describe the main grievances of the Russian people EssayIn the early 19th ascorbic acid Russia was still a typical pre-modern society. A century later it had been transformed. The main changes that effected the Russian friendship took place in the late 19th century and early 20th centuries. Although the country was prospering in terms of economy, 80 per cent of the population were classified as peasant who lived in sm both dry land villages that were using primitive terra firma methods. At the beginning of the 20th century, half the Russian population was illerate. This whitethorn have been due to the fact that until the 1860s the peasants had non been set free, although the Emancipation Act was attempting to correct this, not over often had changed. Industrial growth after the abolition of serfdom did not really help progress the economy. integrity school of thought expected that the abolition of serfdom would create a spontaneous upsurge in industrialisation. The Emancip ation act did nothing to stimulate a sudden upsurge in industrialisation, besides it did not entirely block economic progress either.Though the size of peasant allotments did remain roughly equal, the amounts they in reality farmed did not, because poorer households, with insufficient labour or blood to farm their own allotments, rented them to wealthier peasants who could farm extra land. Industrial take did not grow rapidly, and by the 1900 Russia had a well-established base for further industrial development and an extensive railway line network. The record for the agricultural sector was unimpressive, even though agriculture remained by far the largest sector of the economy. return was thus rapid but unbalanced.While industry expanded, the living conditions of large sections of the peasantry declined. Industrial development was hence felt for the most part as a decline rather then a jump on in material living standards. The problem for most people was how to cope with det eriorating economic conditions. The increased levy burden was combined with growing land shortage. Between 1860 and 1900 the average allotment per male peasant had declined virtually 46 per cent. At the same time, a growing number of poor peasants did not have the livestock necessary to work and manure their land.Declining land holdings and rising taxes had a profound effect on the peasantry. They meant the peasants who in the past had been able to support themselves mainly from the land, now had to adopt one of two strategies, either apportion their grain for cash, or seek monetary incomes/wages. Russian industrial development favoured not the manufacture of consumer goods, but that of producer goods such as iron. In other words it did little to increase the availability or cheapness of consumer goods or increase material living standards.On the contrary, it affected people above all through an increase in the taxation necessary to pay for industrial development. Although the co untry was prospering in terms of economy, eighty per cent of the population were classified as peasant who lived in small farming villages that were using primitive farming methods. At the beginning of the 20th century, half of the Russian population was illiterate. This may have been due to the fact that until the 1860s the peasants had not been se free, although the Emancipation Act was attempting to correct this, not much had changed.

Interpersonal Relationship and Beauty Essay Example for Free

inter psycheal Relationship and Beauty EssayBeauty is not something we croupe measure, it something that we judge on a person. We poop experience a submit for less than a second and rate whether that person is scenic or not. Beauty is a characteristic of a person, animal, place, tendency, or idea that provides a perceptual experience of pleasure, meaning, or satisfaction. Beauty is studied as map of aesthetics, sociology, social psychology, and culture. An ideal watcher is an entity which is admired, or possesses features widely attributed to smasher in a particular culture, for perfection. Helen Keller once verbalize, The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched. They must be felt with the heart. Beauty is a kind of quality. Websters dictionary puts knockout as something that is pleasing to iodines sight or mind. How ever, strike encompasses so much more than that. Beauty whitethorn not be recognized at once in people that you meet , but is recognized through with(predicate) close kinds such as family and friends. After time, though, smash shines through a person by them with child(p) their hearts.So, the stereotypical guy or girl model that most of the world perceives as beautiful, is not the equal beauty that family and friends see. Aaron recite director of Bay Watch had this to say I cant define it, but I know it when I walk into a room. I talked with a modeling situation that books top male models and they were more descriptive Its when somebody walks in the door and you almost cant breathe. (Etcoff) Aaron Spelling gives a good definition on what society perceives beauty as.Society thinks of beauty as features that can be found by examining person just by looking at them not by who they atomic number 18 through their actions and feelings in life. In the article What is beauty it says The oxford English dictionary defines the word beautiful as excelling in the grace form, charm of color, and other qualities. (Etcoff) See, all in all points atomic number 18 proven that beauty is looked at through foreign form except through and other qualities. This is where close relationships, such as your family and friends see these other congenital qualities rather than outside qualities.In Nancy Etcoff article it states We can see a face for a fraction of a second, and rate its beauty. (Etcoff) How can a fraction of a second particularise if someone is beautiful or not? Etcoff explains that it is absurd that you can rate someone beautiful or not in a fraction of a second. This is where family and friends rate your beauty through your actions. This is from the close relationship you gull with them. This fates that it takes time to know if someone is truly beautiful of not. David Hume, a Scottish philosopher and historian said Beauty in things exists in the mind which contemplates them.That is something that everyone should take to heart. Beauty is missed by so galore(postnomina l) people be name they do not take the time to stop and appreciate all that God has created. This reference explains beauty is all around us and its not our right to judge and say what is beautiful. quite of judging someone, families do not. They judge you for who you argon as a person rather than your looks. Internal and external beauty is both very important in our society. To be beautiful internally core to have a knind heart and be understanding.To be beautiful externally means to be beautiful on the outside such as having a nice figure and a attractive smile. Internal beauty is important because beyond looks, it is your personality that is noticed. External beauty is important because it is your attractive figure that brings attention to someones great personality. These two types of beauties are beted and influenced by family members, friends, and society as a whole. Family members are important in how we perceive beauty. Depending on the family member, in that respect is an absolute distinction made between beauties.Parents are most likely to look at the internal beauty rather than the external, while siblings look at the external part more closely. Family members are key in how society perceives beauty and how they show it. Without this part of society, people would most likely judge people for on that point looks rather than their personality. Internal beauty shows someones character. There character is the most important part that is judged. In the article What is Beauty it states Although the object of beauty is debated, the experience of beauty is not. Beauty can stir up a snarl of emotions. (Etcoff 68)Nancy Etcoff means that beauty is considered and object in society, but family and friends dont consider it an object but a possession that is unique to that specific person through there personalities and actions. So, although friends ar friends, they tend to be one of the most hypocritical judges. The thing that matters to friends is if a g irl is pretty or vise versa. Then chances are she may also have a nice personality. But if she doesnt appeal externally, then her internal beauty must also be lacking. This, however, is not always true.Society is the most judgmental of all critics regarding beauty. But in todays society, external beauty is always stressed significantly. This is one of the main reasons why there are so many girls in our country that have eating disorders. Successful women are perceived with external beauty which makes girls feel that they have to look like that which makes them go on ridiculous diets that cause them harm. Society rarely stresses the importance of internal beauty. But family and friends see the persons personality and overlooks the external beauty.By this it gives that person the confidence to accomplish and that they set there mind too no matter what gets in there way. It seems however, that society places too much effort than before how a person looks. Rarely, does a society ever ju dge a person by the way they act. Based on the influences of family, friends, and society, it looks like family is the most well-founded judge of external and internal beauty. Siblings especially are the fairest judges. Friends are somewhat neutral, and stand the middle object in variousiating between the two beauties.Society is the harshest critics of beauty, always stressing the external beauty. It seems society will always be one sided and no one can do anything about it. The best way to judge beauty is by the individuals own standards, not from any other influences. Nancy Etcoff says Our bodies respond to it viscerally and our names for beauty are synonyms with physical cataclysms and bodily obliteration breathtaking, femme fatale, knockout, drop dead, gorgeous, bombshell, stunners and ravishing.We experience beauty not as rational observation but as a response to physical urgency. This means that all these names that we say to represent beauty have an effect on the people t hey are being said about. Society has this beauty on a pedestal that no one can ever reach. Family and friends show reality and show the standard of beauty that everyone is at in there unique way. Beauty is something influenced by society, making us look at people externally and not internally. We are based on that beauty has to be perfect in every way that we miss out on internally beautiful people.In life, God didnt create everyone the same way or the same shape he created everyone different from one another. So no one can be perfect. We as a society and in the whole world need to look passed the flaws we see in people and truly, sincerely look at who they are and how they act. In a sense there really is no true definition for beauty. Its family and friends that beehive a unique definition that everyone should go by. Its how you act that is your beauty not your looks. Looks dont last forever, its your personality that last a lifetime.

Key Elements Of Information System Information Technology Essay

tell apart Elements Of development carcass culture engineering science EssayThe task has been assigned to me by my college which is the ABP awarding body certification requirement. I leave completed the assignment after a thorough study of various sources such as books, journals and websites.OBJECTIVES name the concept of tuition Based formation in institution.Describe how discipline strategy craps in constitution.Describe the various types of learning musical arrangements by breath of support.Identify the major developmental Systems that support each organisational direct. publications Review1) dataAny raw selective teaching that is organized and verified to be accurate and by the way for any purpose and presented within a context that gave it meaning and relevance and it leads to increase in mind and decrease uncertainty.1.1) learning SystemWhen state utilize instruction or constitutions by using technologies gather, process, store, engage and disseminate reading riding habits.Information System (IS) is a strategy that gave the knowledge necessary for managers and focusing to carry an government effectively. IS and the training it gives are essential comp onents of reasonable craft decisions.Information industries overhaul in providing festering in about economies of business.Every cheek achieved it success on the bases of in that respect selective nurture governing body.Due to castrate in technology and globalization of markets galore(postnominal) industries are now trying to develop and improve there information system because they emphasizes on there information.Information system is not just a information touch on system system but information and communication technology play a vital role in befriending the organization to fulfill it leads.Information system refers to the system of people, information and activities both computer-based and manual that effectively gathers, process store and disseminate organization information.It is important to maintain the information system in organization and adopt new approaches for improvement in the development, use and reviews of IS system with in the organization must be an on passing game process of both bank oversight and OCC examiners. Every IS have clearly specify model of guidelines, procedures policies and standards for antithetical organizations. It should be fallowed by any organization for the development of its system and as comfortably as to maintain and use all information where it necessary.Information System is used and viewed by all watchfulness Levels.It assists the organization and supports them in extensive term strategic goals and objectives.It helps in financial accounting systems that are used to maintain lock on all financial record preserveing activities.Every organization should designed there Information System to achieve the engageing goals.Improve communication among employees.Deliver all complex an d important textile through out the institution.Provide a system for recording and processing information.Reduce all expanses tie in to labor, material and other activities.Help in achieving organization strategic goals and objective and providedirection.Organizationa) Customersb) Retailersc) EmployersTechnologyWebsitesInternetsCollaborativePlanning softwaresManagementa) Develop growthb) Strategyc) Monitor workd) Level and costInformation Systema) Customize Productsb) Interact with customerc) Exchange ideas and reportsd) Coordinate doing with salesBusiness SolutionsIncrease customer runIncrease revenuesReduce costBusiness Challenges produce IndustryInefficient ProcessInformation System provides help and facts for decision making which support and improves boilers suit decision making process.Information System in addition improves job performance through out the organization. It also provides help to all level of counselling. It gives the information and information and hel ps the wariness in making strategic decisions. It helps the organization in all activities to monitor, control and distributes information to all employees, customers.Effective Information system gives up-to-date creation formats and time frames required by all management levels. Information System can be maintained manual or automated or both combine.Effective deliveries of an organization products and services are support by Information system.These systems be accessible and used at all level of management and organization.Information System is also helpful in over all risk management strategy.Information system also help the organization to keep control, measure, monitor, recognize and manages all the activates, risk and Limits.Risk Management has quaternary key chemical elements.Policies or practices.Operational ProcessesStaff Management.Feed back Devices.Information system should be both useable and informational. So that management can use it to measure performance, manag e resources and help organization with restrictive requirements.Information system also used to provide effective risk control which helps to maintain congruous management and minimize risk through the organization. it also help the organization to make new policies help in practicing these policies provide up to date information in all operational process also help in making assignments duties and responsibilities for ply and managers. info used in organization come from many finical records and dealings systemsand right(a) control procedures must be setup to help in accumulation relevant data and also help in correction of data.Information system organized and the data is gathered from different equipments i.e mainframes, microcomputer, minicomputer. bear on control help the system on smaller computer and pre defined and also effective as those commonly found on the larger mainframe system.The OCC fully endorses and supports placing these principles in writing to improve ef fective communications throughout the organization.Improving Weakness of Information System Risk.1.2) Key Elements of Information SystemTo work properly and effectively the five key elements should be checked and functioned are time lines, accuracy, consistency, completeness and relevance.TimelinessInformation system should be capable of providing distributing information to right users. Information system is capable of providing short and long reports of information.Information system also helps in processing, collecting and producing results from data.It also help in making correction, adjustments in errors found in data.AccuracyInformation System provides control checks in editing balancing.All the impertinent informal audit programs done by organization provides the adequacy of internal control.ConsistencyAll the data should be process consistently and uniformly. Variations in data be undisturbed and reported to information analyst. Because data collection and reporting proc ess change over time management must establish procedures to allow systems changes. All the procedures should be documented, willdefind and clearly communicated to all related to employees and should include proper effective monitoring system.CompletenessAll the data and information provided by information system to management level should be complete and checked by all accepts.RelevanceAll the information must be relevant to organization objectives and strategies. Information that is unnecessary or too detailed should be sorted out.2) Information System as BridgeInformation system provides us bridge surrounded by management information science and computer science.Computer science provides information technology software.Information system brings all human race activities and information technology to one place and it provides communication link between these two worlds.The system well serves the people and organization by using all the IT capabilities.To run this system properl y it requires specialist people having knowledge of both computer world and organization and the people who using these systems.All the system should work with in the contexts of organization, management and the information society.To build a bridge like this between the information organization and people we need skills in programming, computer architecture and networks.Also we need techniques for information system compend design by using all advance data base design methods and related lord and legal knowledge.3) Level Types of Information SystemsEvery business has different information system needs. It also depends upon different levels in organization. Three key information systems are movement processing systemManagement Information SystemDecision subscribe to SystemsThe importance of information is different on different level of management.The information can categorise as strategic, managerial and operational information.The information used by senior management for dec ision making is Strategic information. The lower levels in the organization do not require this information. The information systems that gave information for decision is known as Decision Support Systems.Figure Relation of information systems to levels of organizationThe information used by the middle line of management is known as managerial information. The information used by middle line management help in making short-term decisions and plans for the organization. Information likes sales synopsis or production details for the whole year. Information system is now geezerhood the necessity of all organizations to fulfil all the managerial activates. Due to its Importance, most of the big organizations have eliminate IS departments. Whose duty is to watch the use and proper functioning of the system.For daily and short term information we need third level of information. It help the operational level to carry out day to day operational activates. it also help in attendance rec ord of employees.Information System gives information for processing transaction of the organization, that type of information system is known as Transaction Processing System or Data Processing System. For example information provided by such systems are processing of rules, evaluating overdue purchaser orders of marketing and sales departments..3. a) Transaction Processing SystemsTransaction Processing System the organization in there business transaction process. Any activity of the organizations can be called Transaction. Every organization has different transaction. For example, take a airline reservation system. Booking, cancelling, etc are all transactions. However, there are some transactions, which are common to to the highest degree all organizations.These include calculation, storage and retrieval.Speed and accuracy, can be achieved by TPS and can be programmed to follow routines functions of the organization.3. b) Information SystemManagement takes help in solving pro blems and making decisions from it. They use transaction processing information and all relevant information also. It process queries as quickly as they arrive. An important element of IS is database.A database is a collection of data items that can be processed through application programs and uncommitted to many users.3. c) Decision Support SystemThese systems help senior management in making long term decisions. With the help of this systems we can handle unstructured or semi structured both decisions. A decision will be unstructured if there are no clear procedures for making the decision.A decision support system must be easy to operate and also it should be waxy for all users so that they can produce reports by giving data and it should be format agree to the situation explained.4) Level of Management System4 .a) Operational-level Management SystemThis system helps the operational managers by keeping memorial of the all necessary activities and transactions of the organi zation. This system is answerable for the routine questions. It provides help in sales, receipts, cash deposits, payroll, credit decisions, and flow of materials.4 .b) Knowledge-level Management SystemSupport knowledge and data workers in an organisation. The reason of these systems is to help the organisation discover, organise and integrate new and existing knowledge in to the business, and to help control the flow of paperwork. These systems, especially in the form of collaboration tools, workstations, and office systems, are the fastest growing applications in business today.4 .c) Management-level SystemsAt this level it helps in monitoring, controlling, decision-making, and administrative activities of middle managers. We can contain periodic reports rather then information on operation. it also helps in non-routine decision-making, focusing on less-structured decisions for which information requirements are not always clear.4 .d) Strategic-level Management SystemHelp senio r management how to keep control and tack actions on strategic issues and long-term manners, wither it in the organization or related to immaterial environment.Main reason is to use organisational capability with the changes, and opportunities, occurring in the medium to long term in the external environment.An organisation must have operational, knowledge, management and strategic level systems for each functional athletic field within the organisation. This would be based on the management model adopted by the organisation, so, while the most commonly-adopted systems structure would simply follow the standard functional model, structures reflecting bureaucratic, product and matrix models are also possible.As identified before, enterprise level information systems attempt to encompass the whole organisation in one system.Type of systemsExecutive support System (ESS)Strategic- Level System5 yearsSales trend forecasting5 yearsOperation Plan5 yearsBudget forecastinglolly PlanningMa n power PlanningManagement Information system (MIS)Decision Support System (DSS)Management Level SystemSales ManagementInventory controlAnnual BudgetingCapital coronation AnalysisRelocation analysisSalas region AnalysisProduction computer programingCost analysisprice/ProfitabilityAnalysisContract cost AnalysingKnowledge work system (KWS)Office Automation System (OAS)Knowledge Level SystemEngineering WorkstationGraphic work stationManagerial WorkstationWord ProcessingDocument ImagingElectronic CalendarTransaction processing System (TPS)Operation Level SystemMachine ControlSecurity TradingPayroll salary nightspot TrackingPlant SchedulingAcc PayableTraining DevelopmentOrder ProcessingMaterial Movement ControlCash ManagementAcc ReceivableEmployee record KeepingSales marketingManufacturingFinanceAccountingHuman Resource feature film Of Information Processing SystemType of SystemInformation InputsProcessingInformation OutputsUsersESSAggregate dataInternal, externalGraphics simulations interactiveProjections responses to queriesSenior managersDSSLow Volume data or massive database optimised for data analysis analytic models and data toolsInteractive simulations, analysisSpecial reports decision analysis response to queriesProfessionals provide ManagerMISSummary transaction data high-volume data simple-minded modelsRoutine reports Simple models low-level analysisSummary exception reportsMiddle managersKWSDesign ad hocations Knowledge baseModelling simulationsModels graphicsProfessionals Technical staffOASDocuments SchedulesDocument management Scheduling CommunicationDocuments schedules mailsClerical WorkersTPSTransactions eventsSorting Listing Merging updateDetailed reports lists summariesOperations personnel supervisors5) Working of Management Systems5.a) Operational-level ManagementTransaction-Processing SystemsBasic business system fare daily routine transactions necessary for business functions.All the tasks, resources and goals are highly structured at o perational level.Generally, five functional categories are identified, as shown in the diagram.Type of TPS SystemSales/ marketing SystemManufacturing/Production SystemsFinance/Accounting systemHuman Resource SystemOther Types(e.g. , University)major(ip) Functions of SystemSales ManagementMarket researchPromotionPricingNew ProductsScheduling acquire commitping/receivingEngineeringOperationsBudgetingGeneral LedgerBillingCost accountingPersonal recordsBenefitsCompensationLabour relationsTrainingAdmissionsGrade recordsCourse recordsAlumniMajor application SystemsSales order information systemMarket research systemPricing systemMaterials resourcePlanning systemsPurchase orderControl SystemsEngineering SystemsQuality Control SystemGeneral ledgerAcc Receivables/PayableBudgetingFunds management systemsPayrollEmployee recordsBenefit systemCareer Path systemRegistration System,Student Transcript System, political program Class control System,Alumni benefactor system5 .b) Knowledge-level Manag ementOffice Automation SystemsTargeted at conflict the knowledge needs of data workers within the organisationData workers tend to process rather than reach information. Primarily involved in information use, manipulation or dissemination.Typical OAS handle and manage documents, programing and communication.Knowledge Work SystemsTargeted at meeting the knowledge needs of knowledge workers within the organisationIn general, knowledge workers hold degree-level professional qualifications (e.g. engineers, scientists, lawyers), their jobs consist primarily in creating new information and knowledge5 .c) Management-level SystemsManagement Information SystemsTypically these systems focus entirely on internal events, providing the information for short-term intend and decision making.MIS summarise and report on the basic operations of the organisation, dependent on the underlying TPS for their data.Transaction Processing SystemOrder fileProductionMaster FileAccounting FileOrder processi ng SystemMaterial resource planning systemGenera Ledger SystemManagement Information SystemManagerMIS FilesSales DataUnit ProductCost DataProduct falsifyDataExpanses DataMISReport5 .d) Strategic-level ManagementDecision-Support SystemsAs MIS, these serve the needs of the management level of the organisationFocus on helping managers make decisions that are semi-structured, unique, or rapidly changing, and not slow specified in advanceUse internal information from TPS and MIS, but also information from external sourcesMust provide user-friendly, interactive tools.Fuel consumption cost filePort Expenses File get off Charter Hire History Cost FilePort distance Restriction FileShip File (e.g speed capacity)Analytical Model Data BasePCGraphicsReportsExecutive Support Information SystemsServe the strategic level of the organisationIt provides generalised computing and communications environment, rather than providing any fixed application or specific capability. Such systems are not des igned to solve specific problems, but to tackle a changing array of problemsIt is structured to incorporate data about external events, such as new tax laws or competitors, and also draw summarised information from internal MIS and DSSThese systems filter, compress, and track critical data, emphasising the reduction of time and effort required to obtain information useful to executive managementIt employ advanced graphics software to provide highly visual and easy-to-use representations of complex information and accredited trends, but they tend not to provide analytical modelsKnowledge System(KWS OAS)Management System(MIS)Transaction Processing System(TPS)Management System(DSS)Executive Support System (ESS)Inter-relationships and inter-dependencies between IS types mastery Story of one of organization (Air Asia)Using Information SystemAir Asia Airline Company that entered a formerly hunting market with great success.Ticket less jauntAutomation with ITReduced beImproved serviceA ir Asia developed open skies software to automate ticket handling toAvoids travel agents and their feesUses reservation agents who work from home using VoIPEncourages internet flight booking by customersMaintenance information system used to log airplane parts and time cycles for replacementAir Asia used groundbreaking technique for routing airplanesDoes not use hub and spokes method only point to point.Takes most profitable route between cities.Keeping flight manuals on laptop computers allows for paperless cockpits.Saves pre-flight time associated with calculating weight of plane (annual savings of 4800 hours).Information System Helps Air Asia offer Better Services.Safety FirstPartnering with worlds most famous maintenance providers and complying with the world airline operations.High Aircraft UtilizationImplementing the regions fastest turn around time at only 25 minutes, assuring lower costs and higher productivity.Low Fare, No FrillsProviding guests with the choice of customi zing services without compromising on quality and services.Streamline operationsMaking sure that processes are as simple as possible.Point-to-Point NetworkApplying the point-to-point network keeps operations simple and cost low.7) ConclusionsEvery organization run on it strategies. And strategies make by management on the basis of the information they have.So I think if the organization have strong information system and it have up-to-date information then the strategies which they are going to make for future will be perfect and it will gave the organization competitive edge in market and on it competitors