Consumer Behavior In Malaysia Marketing Essay

Consumer Behavior In Malaysia Marketing EssayAs many researchers stomach been asseverate that good investment firm word picture of sell neckcloths fitted mean the success or failure of the business. This review entrust point on the vari commensurates that the further need willing centre on. This focus and previous research conclusions will be included in the chapters of the retentiveness image where the variables be integrated.2.1 Consumer Behavior in MalaysiaMalaysias consumer lifestyle has been evolving and changing payable in part to rising affluence and education levels. High write international sellers and the international mass media fox also played a hand in shaping consumer- purchase behavior. Malaysians atomic number 18 becoming to a greater extent westernized, advance(a) and cosmopolitan.Malaysians spend a high percentage of their household income on solid food, groceries and in-person care items, ranking third out of the ten major economies in the A sia-Pacific region (excluded Japan). jibe to ACNielsen, Malaysians on average spent MYR505 per month on food and groceries, with just under half of that on fresh food like meat, fruits and vegetables.Since the emergence of the foreign-owned hypermarkets, Malaysians who live in urban areas take away contract accustomed to breakping for groceries at hypermarkets and supermarkets. Meanwhile rural people prevent to purchase from conventional grocers, convenience rememberings and mini-marts.High and middle-income households spend most of their specie at hypermarkets, followed by supermarkets and traditional grocery stores. The high-income group has household income of more than MYR3500 per month.2.2 Retail submit Growth and EvolutionLarge-size store becomes a thin out in the global. Hypermarkets are maven of the manifestations of organise retailing. Srivastava (2008) observes that organized retailing, globall(a)y, has played a major role in nations GDP and employment. Accordi ng to Srivastava, the ratio (composition) of organized versus traditional retailing is increasing in countries such as the US (8515), Taiwan (8119), Malaysia (5545), Thailand (4060), Indonesia (3070), China (2080), and India (397). The data in parenthesis describes the organized versus traditional ratio of retailing for each country.Offering large premises with two food and non-food items, e very(prenominal)day low prices (EDLP), and large car parks the hypermarket do has been in existence for more than 35 years since the inauguration of carrefour (the first French hypermarket) on 15 June 1963 (Roberts, 2005). The phenomenal success of hypermarkets in France bear upon other(a) formats so adversely that certain legal restrictions were compel on them. To counter the restrictions, the internationalization of French hypermarkets began in the 1970s, when Carrefour went global to countries such as Spain, Brazil and Argentina (Roberts, 2005). Carrefour along with other leading French chains such as Euromarche, Auchan and Leclerc subsequently tag their presence in the US market too surrounded by 1985 and 1993 (Roberts, 2005).The maturation of hypermarkets was quite revolutionary and their growth rate far surpassed the traditional formats in various parts of the world. In Spain, the number of traditional outlets dedicated to the retail food business fell by almost 50% among 1980 and 1995, where hypermarkets and supermarkets multiplied 6 and 11 respectively during that period (Flavian and Polo, 1998). In a similar manner, Taiwans traditional farmers markets disappeared at rates among 3-5% per year with the possibility of at least 100 new supermarkets and 50 new hypermarkets all over Taiwan between 1988 and 1996 (Chang and Tu, 2005). Supermarkets and hypermarkets almost doubled to 941 from 544 in the Czechoslovakian Republic too, in a m span of seven years, acquiring 55% of total retail sales (Healey Baker, 2002).2.3 stock Formats2.3.1 HypermarketHypermar ket has clearly emerged as one of the most important retailing entity in most countries, offsetting the traditional and supermarket (Barros, 2006).Malaysian had her first hypermarkets opened for business in 1994. According to the economical Transformation Programme announced in October 2010, Malaysia has 121 hypermarkets, included Giant, Tesco, Carrefour, Mydin. The general die hard for one hypermarket is for every 250,000 people.The evolution of the various retail formats, in one way or the other, customers benefit by having greater access and choice. The judgment of all the items under one roof has been submitted to different customers and overhear brought near changes in their preferences and behavior. With the presence of hypermarkets, customer expectations bedevil changed and their importance to the acquisition confuse been alter (Oruc N, 2005) Terblanche and Boshoff, 2004 Vignali et al., 2001). Expectations and preferences, was different in different cultural environme nts, the study aimed to study the perceptions of consumers and their preferences on the store image of traditional wet markets and hypermarkets.2.3.2 Traditional mingy MarketA traditional wet market is an open food market, it is also called as traditional market (Wordie, 2002). The main features of the market harbour been traditionally associated with a place that sells live animals. The raw meat may include poultry, fish, reptiles, and so on. Depending on the region, the animals are usually caged and killed for the preparation. Fresh fruits and vegetables are also available. Wet markets usually include butchers and fish markets, which are in a separate section of the fruit and vegetable stalls.The highest hygiene standards of supermarkets have forced many traditional markets to operate in the interior. In general, the proprietor of a wet market, owns and maintains the building. The stalls are rented to retailers, who buy and sell their yields independently. This is in contrast to a hyper store operated by a single company.In 2011, a total of 23 traditional wet markets and 3075 stalls in spite of appearance the traditional wet markets in Penang Island are belong to Penang Municipal Council (Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang, MPPP).2.4 Store imageStore image can be described as a concept of the way of consumers see a store in their mind, regarding touchable or untouchable attributes. It is a way of the store creation defined in the consumers mind, partly is functional qualities of the store and partly is the asynchronous transfer mode of psychological attributes of the store (Martineau, 1958). The store image will affect the shoppers purchasing behavior and this was a conceptualization with included store attributes by the researchers (James et. Al, 1976). besides that, store image is also described as the concept of faction of consumers or shoppers perceptions of a store on different attributes (Bloemer and Ruyter, 1998).There are several researchers e ver tried to identify the store attributes as these are the foundation of the overall image of the store. According to Lindquist (1974), store image have 9 elements, included vending, consumer, facilities, service, comfort, promotion, halo, institutional and post transaction satisfaction. Later on, Doyle and Fenwick (1974) modify and categorized the store image to 5 elements price, product, miscellany, styling and location. While addition attributes of park facilities and friendly personnel has been put forward by Bearden (1978). According McGoldrick (1990), the image is the indicator of the asset value of the branding, it corresponds with the long-run moment of retailing activities. The sagacity of the relationship between image and buying behavior of consumers are very important for better strategies in attracting consumers.2.5 Consumers perception On Store consider2.5.1 Variety of GoodsThe main attraction of the retail store is the trading of the goods. According Lindquist (1974), the main components of trading goods are quality, compartmentalisation and selection of the goods. The stores which provide medley of goods will never lose its attraction. According Golledge et al. (1966), assortment or variety of the goods offers shoppers with more choices and enhances the ability of the stores to satisfy their needs. This makes them unnecessary to visit different stores to achieve their needs. Based on this reason, a large size of stores such as supermarket or hypermarket has advantage in the retail sector, this kind of store able provide variety choice to consumers and makes them has benefit in reducing their time in visiting different stores (Huff, 1962). Thus, the stores which are able to provide variety and assortment of goods and services have their advantage to attract more consumers and to be preferred by the consumers as well.2.5.2 Store AtmosphereAtmospheric of a retail store is a very important element. Atmospherics of retail store is the effo rt to design retail environments to produce specific horny effects in the consumer that enhance his buying probability (Kotler, 1974). Ghosh (1994) found that static of store refers to the environment that is brought about by a coordinated visual display of goods and the unbosom of availability and mobility within the retail store. Moreover, Donovan and Rossiter (1982) assert that the personal surrounding will produce an emotional reaction and directly affected the consumers buying behavior. Thus, atmospheric of store becomes a strategy of the retailers, providing a affable environment with spacious space, clean and comfortable, lighting and so on to affected obtain behavior of consumers. Thus, atmospheric of store is a key gene in stimulating consumers perception and retail store with attractive atmosphere increase preference of consumers.2.5.3 Quality of ServiceConsumer patronage of retail stores ofttimes extends beyond the impact of the acquisition of goods. Bitner et al. (1994) describes the visiting of consumer to retail stores usually considers as a recreational activity whose dignity is enhanced by the level of service within the store. Thus, the quality of service has great affected to the consumers buying behavior (Shycon, 1992). As describe by Lindquist (1974), service includes giving reading of goods, answering to consumer question, showing the goods location and so on. With providing this kind of service, consumers are able to find the goods and service in the retailer store in shorter time. Reynolds and Beatty (1999) asserted that service or retail store is to strengthen the relationship between retail store and consumer, it encourage them prefer to visit the store again in the future.2.5.4 Accessibility of Retail StoreRetail stores that are ease on accessible able to reduce the turn on time between home and stores. Consumers time and effort in obtaining the service convenience will influence their buying behavior (Grewal et al., 2002). Eppli and Shilling (1996) described the easier the retail store be accessible, the more preferred by the consumers. The location of retail store can be determined whether the establishment of the store success or failure. Retail stores that provide car parks may have big catchment to adjacent area to the consumers who own private vehicle, as Lindquist (1974) assert that accessibility as having a convenient location and this includes parking facilities. While stores which are equipped bus stops will increase the accessibility as well. Thus, better accessibility of retail store able to reduce the travel time and fewer barrier is likely to be preferred by consumers.2.5.5 Price of GoodsCompare to the promotion and goods variety, the influences of price to consumer shopping behavior have less important (Fox et al., 2004). On the other hand, Sieder and Costley (1994), assert a different point of view, they observed that determine is a major causal divisor of store choice in the retai l store shopping context. According to their study, the result reported that perception of goods pricing inter-related with their preference in choosing a store. nearly of the consumer will take consideration of the pricing of the goods before going to shop at a particular retail store. Price is a determinant in store choice and to be a key factor of patronage motivations, this study was also linked the pricing policies to consumers perception and shopping behavior.2.5.6 Quality of GoodsRetail stores have an image of providing goods in better or get quality and have influenced the decision which is made by consumer as where to go (Schiffman et al., 2007). The pricing of the goods is inter-related with design of the physical environment of the retail store, product variety, and service and so on. Alba et al. (1994) assert that a study of comparative pricing strategies found that buyers prefer to buy in the store that offers discount on a smaller number of products (for example, the frequency of price advantage) that have lower prices for overall compare to a store which is offering bigger discounts on a small number of items (eg, the magnitude of price advantage).2.5.7 Store DisplaysStore displays were in purpose for promotion in older time. Nowadays, the store displays have new role for effective displays. Bell and Ternus (2002) described that store displays have been discovered new role in displaying product information, helping the shopper in making decisions, and creating attractive shopping environment.

Plastic Theatre in A Streetcar Named Desire

Plastic Theatre in A ropeway Named lust1. IntroductionI dont want in rectitudeism. I want magic (Williams, tram Named believe 130)It is Blanche DuBois who states this source in Tennessee Williams A trolley car Named inclination. In this drama from 1947, dickens humanss, collective by the twain characters of Blanche DuBois and Stanley Kowalski, clash. That contest between pragmatism and a sentimentalist glance of things is visible d iodin the complete play, increasing from photo to scene, and reaches its vertex in Stanleys rape of Blanche in Scene Ten. by and by that suppression of the love affair and with Blanche going to an asylum, unmatched might think that the pragmatic point of slew triumphs, besides in my opinion her leaving and her acting, still relying on the sympathy of strangers (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 159), leads to the impression of a survival of her envisage world. She honorable overleaps from the demonic night world and complet es the cycle of romance (Thompson 28). except I dont think that her illusions win over Stanleys realism, as she is a Romantic relay link committed to the ideal but aliveness in the modern age, a broken world (Holditch 147).In Williams play A Streetcar Named Desire, things argon non constantly c tout ensembleed by their lines, but he creates a sensation of indirectness. With the aid of coitus names and special attitudes of the characters, he caricatures a truth behind things. However, this is not restricted to the protagonists and their quotations, but besides concerns the play itself, including the do directions. The feeling of hidden truths is supported by effects and motifs, for example the borrowing of light and music or the gestures of the actors. This realization of a play on a stage is c each(prenominal)ed the Plastic Theatre, as the audience gets more(prenominal) touch through the persona of different senses. This leads to a vivid impression of the feelings a nd thoughts of the protagonists. Williams himself created the endpoint of the Plastic Theatre in his production notes to The Glass zoo. There he writes slightly a conception of a wise, plastic theatre which essential take the place of the exhausted theatre of realistic conventions if the theatre is to cure vitality as a p contrivance of our culture (Williams, Glass Menagerie 4).2. DefinitionsTo provide a solid basis for the following thoughts concerning the different characters of A Streetcar Named Desire and their points of view, I want to introduce and explain the two barriers of realism and romanticism briefly. Both of them can also been seen as epochs in American Literature, but I just want to accent on the general statement. In addition, I want to expose pull ahead culture astir(predicate) the idea of the Plastic Theatre.2.1. RealismIn the Longman mental lexicon of Contemporary English, realism is exposit as accepting and dealing with life and its problems in a pr actical way, without world influenced by feelings or infatuated ideas. This means that one takes things as they argon, evaluating situations only with the aid of the visible facts, not relying on false hopes or following non-realistic ideals. The gentleman reason has, from a realistic viewpoint, a higher value and is more important than emotions or spontaneous impressions.2.2. RomanticismThe romantic perspective is in contrast to the realistic one. Romanticism is related to highly imaginative or impractical (Longman Dictionary, Romantic.) attitudes, admiring ideals which are not realistic or even unachievable. In romanticism, feelings and emotions are verbalise higher than rational thinking and human reason, not only in the context of love issues, but also in the way of dealing with situations and problems. Impressions are not based on visible facts, but on ideal conceptions, and these conceptions might be sometimes quite fictional or utopian.2.3. The Plastic TheatreTo express his universal truths Williams created what he termed plastic theater, a distinctive new style of drama. He insisted that setting, properties, music, sound, and visual effects e rattling the elements of staging must combine to reflect and enhance the action, theme, characters, and language (Griffin 22). akin Griffin, many authors, including Tennessee Williams himself, well-tried to explain the Plastic Theatre, but it was barely discussed in public. After he established the idea of the Plastic Theatre in the production notes to The Glass Menagerie, Williams never publicly discussed it once again. But from that moment on, his plays were really histrionics, with lyrical and poetic language, his scenic descriptions draw on metaphors from the world of art and painting and with quite symbolic use of sound and light (Kramer).3. A Streetcar Named Desire The Truth Behind ThingsIn Williams play A Streetcar Named Desire, the audience gets the impression that facts are not just verbaliz e within the text, but between the lines. The characters are often exposit go bad through their behavior and gestures than through their actual quotations. From scene to scene it gets clearer that Blanche and Stanley are embodiments of two rattling contrasting viewpoints of life extreme romanticism and gross realism. This is also visible through different symbolic motifs, which emerge variant times in the play. Connected with a genuinely evocative use of music and light and many relation names from the blood on, the whole play seems conspicuously allusive.3.1. Romanticism and Realism in A Streetcar Named DesireWe are presented in A Streetcar Named Desire with two polar ways of looking at experience the realistic view of Stanley Kowalski and the non-realistic view of his sister-in-law, Blanche DuBois (Kernan 17). Williams brings the two views into conflict immediately.3.1.1. Blanche DuBois as the Romantic ProtagonistWhen the audience meets Blanche, her appearance is described as incongruous to this setting (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 8). In Scene One she arrives at the Elysian Fields, where her sister Stella and her brother-in-law Stanley Kowalski live. Her vestments are white and fluffy, looking genuinely delicate and as if she were arriving at a summer tea or cocktail party in the garden district (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 9). She is rattling shocked about the place of her sister and calls it a horrible place (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 13). The reviewer is confronted instantly with her deranged self-awareness, as she asks Stella to turn the merciless (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 13) light off, because she does not want to be looked at in the agleam light. This behavior is visible through the whole play. Blanche perpetually tries to avoid over-light and glare. Her self-esteem about her looks is also remarkable in the way Blanche presents her figure to her sister, fishing for compliments and stating that she has the same figure as she had ten years ago. (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 18). She often states very romantic quotations through the whole play, e.g. concerning the evenhandedly sky where she ought to go on a rocket that never comes follow through (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 44).When the relationship between Blanche and Mitch, a friend of Stanley, becomes more intimate, the audience gets an impression of Blanches romantic conception. She calls him her Rosenkavalier and wants him to bow, just kindred the gentlemen in the oldish South would do (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 90). Although she was married once, she tries to behave like she would be untouched and a virgin, which she is obviously not. When Mitch says that he cannot understand French, she asks Voulez-vous couchez avec moi ce soir? (Would you like to have sex with me tonight?) (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 95). The information about her bypast, that she had many men in a hotel called the Flamingo, and the way sh e speaks about her relationship with Mitch, that she does not love him, but just want a man with whom she can rest, brings certainty for the audience.So Blanches character can be described as a very romantic one. For her, outwardness is very important, and to appear very delicate and pure she is not afraid of carnal knowledge lies. She is a fake, a person who likes to be better than she actually is, living in a fantasy world which has nothing to do with the real life. Already damaged by the harsh realities of disease and death, Blanches Romanticism is reduced in some moments to nothing more than sentimentality (Holditch 155).3.1.2. Stanley Kowalski as the pictorial ProtagonistStanley Kowalski seems as the embodiment of a real man, opposed to or ignorant of the transcendent, very sexual and physical. When the audience gets in contact with him for the counterbalance time, he carries a package of meat and throws it to his married charwoman Stella. He is described as potently, com pactly built. Animal joy in his being is underlying in all his movements and attitudes (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 24). His relationship to his wife is a very sexual one, as Stanley treats his wife in a very physical way and Stella states that she is very attracted to him. When Blanche leaves to the asylum and Stella cries, he consoles her by hint in a sexual way (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 160), which is sign of their relationship.His view of things is a very realistic one. When Blanche informs Stanley and Stella that she had lost the plantation of their parents, Belle Reve, Stanley thinks that in fact she did not lose it, but perhaps sold it and did not give them their part of the money. For him, this would be an affront against himself, as the property of his wife Stella is his own, too. He thinks Blanche bought jewelry, clothes like a solid-gold dress and Fox-pieces (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 32) from the returns of the plantation. In reality, the furs are inexpensive summer furs (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 33) and the jewelry is glass. This mistake is the mistake of the realist who trusts to literal appearance, to his senses alone (Kernan 18).Stanleys view of things, the realistic one, is the one which works in the modern, broken world. He embodies this harsh world with all its physical, material and sexual aspects. His strong appearance and his human reason is all he needs to get along in the real world.3.1.3. date between Romanticism and RealismThe two points of view clash from the commencement of the play on until the end. Blanche embodies the romantic one, whereas Stanley stands for the realism.In the course of the play Williams manages to name this realism with the harsh light of the naked electric bulb which Blanche covers with a Japanese lantern. It reveals pitilessly every line in Blanches face, every brazen-faced aspect of the set. And in just this way Stanleys pitiless and probing realism manages to reveal every line in Blanches soul by caustic through all the soft illusions with which she has covered herself (Kernan 18).Kernan explains very descriptive the relationship between the two protagonists. Stanley does not treat Blanche with much respect, which is visible through the way he talks about her bathing tubing and her way of dressing. But also Blanche has an aversion to him, calling him sub-human something not quite to the stage of sympathy yet (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 74). For her, Stanley is a threat, because he is able to stamp out her fantasy world and to uncover her past and her real face. The conflict increases from scene to scene and reaches its peak in the rape of Blanche. Stanley has to prove his dominance and therefrom rapes her to force his reality on her. But she is not broken after(prenominal) the rape, she is just even deeper in her fantasy world, which is shown by the way she trusts the doctor, holding tight to his arm, still depending on the kindness of strangers (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 159).lastly the audience gets the impression that the realistic point of view has the advantage of being workable. Blanches romantic way of looking at things, sensitive as it whitethorn be, has a fatal weakness it exists only by ignoring certain positions of reality (Kernan 18).3.2. The Plastic Theatre in A Streetcar Named DesireWilliams tried to communicate circumstances not only by the acting of the protagonists, but also through symbols and various effects. The setting, lighting, props, costumes, sound effects, and music, along with the plays dominant symbols, the bath and the light bulb, provide direct access to the private lives of the characters (Corrigan 50). The many telling names in the play give additional information and follow through the impression of a truth behind things. In the following subchapters I want to discuss exemplary Blanches bathing, the adoption of music and sounds and the use of telling names.3.2.1. Blanches B athingBlanche bathes very often in this play. She obviously wants to clean herself from her past. After the bathing, she feels all freshly and like a brand new human being (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 35). Every time she is confronted with the real, brutal world, she wants to escape in her reverie world, which is strongly connected with bathing. In Scene one-third when the men have a Poker Night and Stanley gives a clamorously whack of his hand on Stellas thigh, she instantly says I think I will bathe (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 49). In Scene Seven, she bathes again, unforesightful breathless cries and peals of laughter are heard as if a kid were frolicking in the tub (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 110), temporary hookup Stanley tells Stella about Blanches past and her affairs with a seventeen-year-old boy and many other men. The cognomen of the phone call Blanche sings while bathing is It Only a Paper Moon and it is described as a saccharine popular ballad w hich is used contrapunctually with Stanleys name and address (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 106). Especially the verse - But it wouldnt be pretending If you believed in me (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 107) is very ironic, because Blanche does not seem very trustworthy at all, and so the song even accentuates her disreputable past. After the rape, she bathes again in Scene Eleven and is very worried about her hair, as if the soap would not be completely washed out.The many baths in the play show that Blanche will never be done with bathing, because she is always confronted with the real world and could not clean herself from her past. It gives her a brand new outlook on life (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 115), but cannot interchange her life really.3.2.2. Music and SoundsThe use of music and sounds is also very theatrical in the play. The Blue cushy expresses the spirit of the life which goes on (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 6) and is always heard when the conflic t between real world and Blanches fantasy world seems to increase. It is heard, for example, when Blanche arrives at Elysian Fields and grows louder when she informs Stella about the detriment of Belle Reve as well as when Stanley tells her that Stella is going to have a baby. It also suggests the fall of Blanche as it is swelling when Stanley rapes Blanche and afterwards when he consoles Stella, who cries because of Blanches leaving.Another music, which is strongly connected with Blanches past, is the polka music. It is always heard when Blanche talks about her deadened husband. It emerges for the first time when Stanley mentions that Blanche was married once (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 28). She tells Mitch the falsehood about her husbands death, he shot himself after dancing with Blanche in a casino. He was homosexual and she discovered him with another man and said while dancing he disgusted her (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 103) and therefore he shot himself. It als o appears when Stanley gives Blanche a ticket back to Laurel where she lived and when he takes Stella to the hospital and Blanche remains in the flat. So the song predicts Blanches downfall, as it is always heard when she is haunted by her past.3.2.3. Telling NamesThere are various telling names in Williams play. Blanches name itself is quite telling, as blanche is French and means white, which is very fitting when looking at her character. The name of her plantation, Belle Reve is also French, meaning beautiful dream. Blanche behaves like she would still live in this dream, refusing to face the truth and the real world.There are many more telling names, but I want to concentrate now on the perhaps most important one, the Streetcar Named Desire as it is the title of the play. Blanche takes the streetcar named Desire (Williams, Streetcar Named Desire 9) to get to the apartment of the Kowalskis. This is very telling itself, as the audience finds out more and more about her past and th at she leaved Laurel as a broken woman somehow, but her desire to live her life as an elegant, trustworthy and near woman is still present. So she tries to live a, for her, desirable life, and she hopes to find that in New Orleans.By the aid of the telling names, which are visible from the beginning of the play on, the use of music and the different symbols which appear often, it seems very theatrical and plastic. The audience gets an impression of the characters and the circumstances in various ways.4. ConclusionIn Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire, the conflict between Romanticism and Realism, embodied by the two protagonists Blanche DuBois and Stanley Kowalski, is the major theme of the play. With the aid of the characterization of these protagonists and the explanation of the conflict between them I was able to verify this thesis. These two persons are very polarized, visible through their points of view, their behavior and gestures. But in the end, only one point of view is workable, namely the realistic one of Stanley. Blanche lives in her dream world, even in the end after her rape. Stanley is not able to go bad her, but she can only survive in her romantic fantasy world, which leads to the impression that she cannot exist in the modern age.The Truth behind things in this play is also visible through the Plastic Theatre. Williams caricatured this hidden truth by the use of music and sounds, symbols and motifs, and telling names. My notions about Blanches bathing, the Blue Piano and the Polka in the play, and the telling names were exemplary for this plastic and sculptural theatre, and therefore I showed the existence of a truth behind things and that the term of the Plastic Theatre fits for A Streetcar Named Desire.

Small businesses in entrepreneurship

polished commercees in entrepreneurshipTOPIC PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES FACED BY SMALL BUSINESSES IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP accessionEvidence suggests that lesser affair stands a significantly higher convey tabu of failure than a large phone line yet many petite vexationes survive and some grow. The following points live been discovered that hinders the success of sm only firms in entrepreneurship, economies of scale, human capital execution, trammel resources, geographical location, and counseling skills, olibanum management service is a key differentiator between good, enceinte and indifferent companies. People become frustrated when their expectations argon not met. We endure in an increasingly global economy, which is highly competitive. Recently customers have a more extensive range of choices for products and service hence the immenseness of superlative degree management skill should be devised. Good management service keeps customers approach path back while awfu l customer service drives them away, taking their friends, workmates and families with them along. It is highly crucial in ensuring that sm all told businesses not only survive still grow in the quality of management, hence lacking key management services could limit the success of small business. In this literature I am going to analyze, comp atomic number 18 and contrast the problems go about by small businesses in entrepreneurship.PURPOSE OF LITERATUREThe purpose of a literature examine is to exempt or briefly analyse the work that has Been reported on a particular gag or field. Literature reviews form a central comp mavinnt of Research reports and technical articles for an important reason, it is likewise a process whereby one establish theoretical framework for a topic or subject bea. It is very important to identify the key foothold of the literature terminology. This includes the dependent variable and independent variables.RESEARCH QUESTIONS Why do small businesses encounter so many difficulties at climb up up point? What are the major problems influencing small firms in entrepreneurship? Is it relevant to shoot entrepreneurship skills before venturing into small business?RESEARCH OBJECTIVES To compile a motley of entrepreneurial ideas related to entrepreneurial opportunities using various techniques. To recognize the importance of grooming and give examples of how planning can overcome problems. To analyze obstacles and explain how these obstacles may impede creative thinking and generation of natural ideas. To tally the personal entrepreneurial skills and demonstrate these skills in a variety ofsituations. entranceAccording to Paula McCoy Pinderhughes, an entrepreneur is a person who visualizes or possesses a eager desire to make a veer through hard work, committal and determination, knowing that it bequeath satisfy their ultimate personal and business objectives. On the former(a) hand, Entrepreneur in English is a term use to th e pillowcase of personality who is imparting to take upon her or himself a unfermented venture or enterprise and accepts full debt instrument for the outcome. Jean-Baptiste Says, a French economist is believed to have coined the word entrepreneur first in to the highest degree 1800. He said an entrepreneur is one who undertakes an enterprise, peculiarly a contractor, acting as intermediate between capitals and labourTypically, entrepreneurship means a gild is beingness organize with the express goal of becoming larger through an aggressive growth agenda. Entrepreneurship is a corporate spin-off or start up. Small business is a family- throwed guild or consortium of professionals that is formed with peculiar(prenominal) objectives in mind. In most cases, aggressive growth is not as important as providing adequate income for the owners.The common denominator of all forms to start-up and sore businesses is that they are unknown in the marketplace. This is the major challen ge to any spic-and-span business. For example, the rig MLife at a recent Super Bowl created a substantial amount of confusion as to what exactly was being offered. while the companys website was flooded with inquiries (so much so that it crashed), most pot did not bother to look out and the take-off was slow. some consumers are cautious about move new goods, services or companies. Purchases are oftentimes based on known soft touch names and familiar purchasing patterns. It is much easier for customers to l eerage the same brand they have always purchased or another brand name they recognize or have used. To be considered, a new business mustiness move the brand into a person or businesss evoked set of brands.This dilemma is heightened by the massive amount of merchandise clutter that all companies face. Overcoming clutter is especially difficult for new firms with limited budgets for marketing and promotion. Traditional methods of advertising and consumer promotions may n ot be teeming to get recognized.Company leaders must be sure to submit on promises and provide a high quality experience especially on the customers first purchase. On bad encounter will often lead to a negative word of mouth. A new business will probably not get a second break if the customer has a bad experience.THE PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGESToday, with the internet boom, entrepreneurs have become one of the most dynamic forces in the economy. Entrepreneurs are now driving the engineering boom, which is itself driving much of the worlds economic growth. This makes entrepreneurs very important from a macro-economic perspective. They have become a broader economic phenomenon that has a major impact on the economy. As the globalism of business becomes purge more widespread, this impact will be felt even more deeply. Entrepreneurs are already becoming a major force in developing nations and in the economy worldwide.The electron orbit of what entrepreneurship involves will continue t o change and evolve as the world continues to change and evolve, and yet there are some common issues of how to start a business, how to finance the business, how to run the business that within this community we can parcel of land and l fool from each other. bandage we still have many heroes and stories, entrepreneurism is an ceremonious field with a wide range of issues at all stages of the enterprise.A common factor for all entrepreneurs is the challenge of starting a business, be it through inventing something, looking for a new idea within a business, finding the right opportunity to break into a business or buying into a franchise. And these entire take planning organizing all the aspects so that the entrepreneur can reach his or her goals. All entrepreneurs are also faced with financing their entrepreneurial venture. Even entrepreneurs usually are faced with pecuniary hurdles within corporate rules. So unless the venture comes from ones own pocket getting money is a chal lenge that requires preparing entrepoting proposals or applications to be written and/or presented for loans, venture capital, angel giveors or even IPOs. thither is so much information written about these stages of an entrepreneurial venture that sorting the good from the bad is an overwhelming challenge in and of itself.Once past those challenges, however, one would think there would be smooth-spoken sailing. Given the business has a good plan everything should proceed with nestling glitches. However, the implementation stage seems to be the real make-or-break point of an entrepreneurial venture. There are hypotheses that part of the problem is that idea people and implementation people are very different breeds of people, but there are full exceptions to that rule that is a difficult position to defend. More realistic, perhaps, is that there are such a wide variety of skills needed at the implementation stage, that no one person can have the skills to manage all the function s well. The real talent is for entrepreneurs to recognize what they do well and then find employees or subcontractors who can fill the gaps.One way to look at this implementation stage is to look at how many different skills are involved in operating a business. Operating a business involves employees, marketing, advertising, sales, communications, public relations, legal needs, government regulations, equipping the office, risk management, disaster planning, crisis management, insurance, technology, hardware, software, the internet, and the financial aspects of the company bookkeeping, managing debt, taxes, and barter.Without a strong technical basis, there is no business. to a higher place and beyond this, however, is the conceptual aspect of management ethics, leadership, growth philosophy, and even the exit strategy of the company. These are much less tangible, yet set the overall theme and direction that the business will take.CRITICAL CHALLENGES1. MoneyWhile there are some types of businesses that can be started on a small budget, one will need access to capital to fund the business, whether that money comes from another source of household income or from some type of loan, there is a need to be realistic about inaugural costs. New entrepreneurs often underestimate the length of time it takes for a business to become profitable and the amount of money they will need to invest in the business before its profitable. Developing a thorough and estimable financial plan will champion to avoid this mistake.2. Skill and fellowshipEmployees responsibilities are limited to a narrow job description. However, at the launch of a business, one becomes responsible for everything from research and development to product pitch shot to bookkeeping. That means there will definitely be some tasks that will be beyond the owners area of expertise. Depending upon the scope of the business, the owner may or may not have staff on board to look at different responsibilit ies. It is important to be honest about your own limitations and try out out expert advice and the support of good mentors when needed3. FeedbackBeing an entrepreneur, curiously if it is a very small or home based business, it will likely feel at times that one is working in isolation and that can cause one to question decisions. Because it takes time for a new business to become profitable, its very helpful to find other sources of feedback beyond the latest sales figures to assess the growth of their business. Seeking out and meeting with other entrepreneurs can help give feedback needed to realize and assess the growth of their business.4. TimeWhen you are becoming an entrepreneur, youll work harder for yourself than you would ever work for any employer. While self employment can take flexibility to your work schedule, make watering a successful business requires a large investment of your time. It will be important to schedule specific work hours, and arrange childcare if n ecessary. Setting goals can also help you to stay on track.With all of those challenges, why would anyone become self utilize? Here are some of the rewards of being an entrepreneurBENEFITS1. MoneyWhen you are someones employee, the amount of money you earn is limited by the labour market. Youll earn the going rate for your field and typically not much more. When you are self employed, your earning potential is only limited by your own brains and motivation to build a successful business. The more effort and smart planning you put into your business, the more you will directly benefit from your own work.2. OpportunitiesMany entrepreneurs say they launched their business in order to create opportunities for themselves that they could not find in traditional jobs within their local labour market. A fire with a young family may want flexibility that is not useable in traditional jobs a new immigrant may want responsibility and opportunities for professional growth that they may not h ave found in their new country.When you build your own business, you can build opportunities and working conditions that are a good fit for your needs in ways that you may not find in traditional employment.3. AccomplishmentBuilding a successful business can provide you with a sense of self-complacency that you have created something yourself based on something you value. You get to make the decisions if you think a project is a great idea, you get to make it happen. You get to build something from the ground up that is your own and a reflection of your values, and any business success is always your success.4. TimeWhile you will invest a lot of time in building your business, depending upon the type of business you launch, being an entrepreneur can provide you with a lot of flexibility and freedom with your schedule that you would not often have with a traditional job. A flexible schedule allows you to create personal and family time and opportunities that you may differently mi ss out on.To overcome these problems, a new company must develop a unique selling point and find a way to inform consumers about that advantage. Everything from the brand name to the logo to company advertisement must capture the interest and attention of the consumer. It is important to memorialise that customers are interested in benefits as opposed to product or service features, or as one writer put it, what is in it for me? The new company must be able to clearly response this question in order to survive and grow.How is an entrepreneur to deal with all this overload of challenges? The good news is that there are plentiful resources interchange groups, educational resources, professional associations, and publications to turn to for support and counselReferenceshttp//www.sbaer.uca.edu/research/icsb/2005/056.pdfhttp//ezinearticles.com/?The-Challenges-Facing-Entrepreneurs-and Small-Business-Ownersid=2271198http//www.careerchoiceguide.com/being-an-entrepreneur.htmlhttp//www.s mallbusinessnotes.com/choosing/issues/challenges.html

Health and safety hazards to workers

Health and pencil eraser hazards to kick the bucketersIn Mauritius, we gestate volt regional hospitals namely SSRNH, Victoria Hospital, Nehru Hospital, Jeetoo Hospital and Flacq Hospital and a nonher(prenominal) downhearted peculiar(a)ised hospitals much(prenominal) as ENT Hospital, Moka Eye Hospital and Brown Sequard Hospital. wholly(prenominal) regional hospital consists of a CSSD unit respectively which cater for the render of sterile items to the hospital and to wellness centres which f boths under the catchment argona of that regional hospital. Although, the CSSD is a atomic unit in that hospital, its heading and service is of slap-up brilliance to the healthcargon faculty, patients and to the public in normal. The role of the CSSD is to embarrass cross- transmittance and contamination of the patients, staff and visitors by sterilising tout ensemble equipment and instruments which aid in providing the trump aside cargon to the patients.It is period to think about the health and soundty of the take formers of primeval unfertile Supply Department (CSSD). In order to protect and to resist the staff of the CSSD from injuries and complaintes, it is important to identify the health and safety hazards that atomic number 18 contribute at each level and in each field of battle of the CSSD. later on identification of these hazards is carried out, appropriate pr securenesstive measures moldiness(prenominal) be adopted if non to eliminate the hazards completely, but at least(prenominal) to minimise the video of the staff to these hazards so that they sess usage in a safer environment dethaw from injuries, accidents and occupational diseases.For the purpose of this project, the back Identification was carried out at the CSSD of SSRN Hospital.AbbreviationsCSSD primaeval Sterile Supplies DepartmentSSRNH Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam National HospitalPPE Personal Protective EquipmentEtO e paste OxideHIV -Human Immunodeficien cy VirusOSHA 2005 -occupational Health and Safety 2005-HBV Hepatitis B VirusMSD musculoskeletal Disorders1.0 INTRODUCTIONHospitals atomic number 18 such places where people get interference for their illnesses, injuries and diseases. m both of these diseases be ca employ by biological agents such as bacteria, vir make utilise ofs and fungi. Thus, in hospitals on that point is graduate(prenominal) incidence of disease-ca employ micro-organisms which tail end spread from patient to patient or from patient to health c atomic number 18 personnel or from the equipment and other materials that atomic number 18 used enchantment giving c are to the patients. It is the duty of the staff not only to cure the diseases of the patients but at the aforementioned(prenominal) quantify to continue the transmission of diseases from one person to another. An effective measure to keep back spread of the diseases is in making sure that all the items that are used in the care of the pati ents are sterile. Many of the instruments and materials used in the hospitals are quite expensive and are so knowing that they stool be reused.The importance of a CSSD in a hospital is to stomach sterile items at the required time and place in the hospital. The CSSD of a hospital receives stores, sterilises and distributes to all the departments including the wards, outpatient department and other special unit such as the routine field of operation. The main duty of the CSSD is the sterilization of items such as catheters, tubings, operative(a) instruments, treatment trays and sets and dressings materials. Although, CSSD aims at providing sterile items so as to prevent the spread of transmittance and in virtually ways to protect hospital staff and patients from biological hazards, the CSSD itself is prone to various hazards. So, to be able to identify the health and safety hazards that histrions face, we must first know the activities that are carried out in the CSSD.2. 0 The objectives of the CSSDTo provide sterile gauze packs cotton plant wool and equipment to all units of the hospital and to country Health Centers, and Community Health Centers in spite of appearance the catchment study of a regional hospital.To ensure that proper cleaning, disinfecting and sterilising affect of items is being carried out in the department.To hold up an inventory of all supplies and equipment.To meet the demand of its customers, i.e. different units in supply the ask amount of sterile items to them.To contribute to a huge effect in preventing cross-infection by effective running of the department.To take some of the excogitate of the nursing staff so that they posterior give more time to the patients.To discharge expensive equipment which are not used so frequently reusable.To provide a safe working environment for the staff.3.0 The organisational structure of the CSSD at SSRNHThe CSSD has manpower of 26 histrions 1 Superintendent, 2 Supervisors, 1 7 CSSD Assistants and 6 CSSD Attendants.The promontory of the Department is the Superintendent and is the one who liaises with other heads of different departments.The supervisors are liable for monitoring the duties of the assistants and to ensure the smooth running of the unit. They are also accountable for the effective delivery of sterile items to the required units.The CSSD Assistants are those workers who perform approximately of the duties in the unit.The attendants are mainly concerned with manual handling, collecting and delivering items to other departments of the hospital.An organisational chart is as infraCSSD SuperintendentCSSD SupervisorsCSSD AssistantsCSSD Attendants4.0 CSSD DesignFImagesP2108_26-04-10.JPG5.0 The Sterile Supply Cycle6.0 The different areas of the CSSDThe CSSD is divided into four study areas assortment and DecontaminationAssembly and caseSterilisingSterile Storage and statistical distribution1. Sorting and Decontamination sphereHere the instr uments are cleaned and washed. For the purpose of cleaning and washing, chemical detergents and disinfectants such as javel, alcohol and soaps are used. The instruments are washed in basin using plenty amount of water. It is only after this process that the instruments are safe to be handled. Also, sorting of instruments is carried out, disassembling of the instruments is done when needed and the CSSD assistants inspect the items for cleanliness and damage.2. Assembly and Packaging AreaFollowing decontamination, the items are further sorted, reassembled and packaged. Here, reusable linens such as surgical gowns, discolor sheets drapes are jam-packed in individual(a) special wrapping paper. Cotton wool rolls are place in carton boxes. Gauze pieces are arc into smaller sizes and are wrapped individually. exculpated instruments are position in trays (either small or large depending on the surgical intervention during which they are going to be used) and are thus packed in doubl e wrapping papers. steriliser tapes are used to hold the surgical items packed for sterilization intact. These tapes have white exponent lines which turn to black lines after sterilization, thus doing the user to make sure that the pack is sterile.3. The Sterilising AreaHere the packed items then suffer a process known as sterilization. This involves the killing of any potential pathogen on the items. Normally, several methods of sterilisation exit but steamer and ethylene oxide sterilization are most commonly used.4. Sterile Storage and Distribution AreaThe sterile items are then stored in the transshipment center area arranged neatly on different shelves. From there, the sterile items are then distributed to respective units.7.0 The Sterilising ProcessThe CSSD attendants collect used instruments and equipment, empty carton boxes for cotton wool and the CSSD book (in which the head of the unit jots down the number of each sterile items he needs) from respective units of th e hospital.With the introduction of new technologies, old methods of sterilisation such as boiling and vaporization have been replaced by deuce main methods of sterilization namely1. Autoclaving, i.e. steam sterilisation2. bollix sterilisation using ethylene oxide.The items that are sterilised in the CSSD areCloth, i.e. green sheets drapesGauzeCotton woolInstrumentsPre-sterilisationPrior to sterilisation, all the items must be prepared through a process known as pre-sterilisation.The pre-sterilisation process for the items that have to be sterilised is as follows1. ClothThe clean linen are folded, and then wrapped in a special paper. The packed linen is then sealed with autoclaves tape.2. GauzeThe gauze are cut into uniform pieces and do into either large gauze or small gauze. They are then packed in paper into individual packs and are sealed with autoclave tapes.3. Cotton woolThe cotton wool is made into small rolls from large bundles and placed in small carton boxes which are th en sealed on the sides with autoclave tapes.4. InstrumentsThe instruments are first check out for soil, they are then washed and placed in trays or individual sets depending on the requisition of the respective unit. They are then packed in double special paper wrappers and sealed with autoclave tapes.SterilisationIt is a process used to make a medium eject from micro-organisms including bacterial spores. Sterilisation digest be done through heat, chemicals, irradiation and senior high pressure.In the CSSD at SSRNH, two types of sterilisation is being usedGas SterilisationSteam SterilisationGas SterilisationUsing ethylene oxide. This method of sterilization empennage be used to sterilise those items that set up with put up temperatures of 50-60C. A long period of aeration is required to remove all traces of ethylene oxide.Autoclaving, i.e. Steam SterilisationIt is the most reliable process of sterilization. It sterilises with steam under pressure. The high pressure also ensure s saturation of wrapped surgical packs. Autoclaving is one of the most effective methods for destruction of all types of micro-organisms. The amount of time and degree of temperature necessary for sterilisation depend on the articles to be sterilised.8.0 literary productions REVIEWThe aims of Occupational Health and Safety areTo promote and state a high degree of fleshly, mental and social well-being of workers in their respective oeuvreTo prevent adverse effects on the health of the workers that hindquarters be overdue to the working conditionsTo protect the workers at their body of work from seeks exiting from factors adverse to healthTo provide the workers with such working environment that suits their tangible and mental needsthe adaptation of work to humans.We mass thus regulate that occupational health and safety englobes the social, mental and carnal well-being of workers. A healthy workplace means a safe workplace where the workers leave behind be in an environ ment where the hazards delineation is quite minimised if not eliminated completely.Occupational health and safety is important asWork plays a major role in peoples lives, since most workers spend at least octet hours a day in the workplace. on that pointfore, work environments should be safe and healthy. But, this is not the case for many workers. Every day workers all over the world face many health hazards, such asdusts gaseous stateesnoise shudderextreme temperatures.As a impression of the hazards and a lack of management given to health and safety, work-related accidents and diseases are common in all separate of the world.Appropriate and effective workplace health and safety programmes can help to protect the workers by reducing hazards and their consequences. Health and safety programmes can also have positive effects on both worker esprit de corps and productivity and can thus be beneficial to the organisation. At the same time, effective programmes can save employers a great deal of money.There are many hazards that efficiency exist in any workplace such aschemical hazards in the form of liquids, solids, dusts, fumes, vapours and gases physiologic hazards, such as noise, vibration, unsatisfactory lighting, radiation and extreme temperaturesbiological hazards, such as bacteria, viruses and fungipsychological hazard as a result of stress and strainhazards related to the non-application of ergonomic principles, like big(a)ly designed machinery, mechanical twirls and tools that bequeath be used by workers, unconventional set and workstation design, or poorly designed work practices.Workers often get work-related health problems and do not realise that the problems are related to their work, particularly when an occupational disease, for example, is in the early stages. Besides the other more obvious benefits of training, such as skills partment, hazard recognition, etc., a comprehensive training programme in each workplace will help workers t orecognise early signs/symptoms of any potential occupational diseases onward they become permanent conditionsassess their work environmentinsist that management to make changes in front hazardous conditions can develop.Previous research on CSSD shows thatAccording to Linda Clement, Items processed in the decontamination areas are potentially pathogenic and pose a potential exposure risk to employees working in these areas. She also stated that to prevent cross contamination, ripe(p) infection prevention processes must be put into practice. Also, the housekeeping procedures should be the same as those that are used in operation theatre and delivering get ons and that all horizontal working surfaces and the scandalizes should be cleaned daily. The medical equipment poses a risk of exposure to squanderer and bodily soils, and other safety hazards before or during processing. So, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) should be weak by the workers, they should adopt goo d work practices and have to follow the manufacturers instructions. Whether it is a sterilizer, a washer/disinfector, an endoscope or a surgical instrument, it is best to follow the device manufacturers instructions found in operator manuals and other product sustenance for handling, operation, cleaning and disinfecting medical equipment.As per John Brown, either personnel working in the decontamination area should get around clean, facility-provided uniforms that are donned at the facility. Also, workers should use general purpose utility gloves, gown, a surgical face mask and gawp eyepatch working in the decontamination area. During caution procedures, additional PPE is necessary including midpoint protection and steel-toed piazza should be worn at all clock to protect from overhasty and healthy objects from causing defect to workers feet. Leather gloves mend handling potentially knifelike objects, stainless steel panels and plumbing hollo gloves and heat-resistant arm sleeves must be worn while working around steam piping and face shield when using cleaning chemicals.(Infection temper Today-Jennifer Schraag April 08)8.1 HEALTH AND SAFETY HAZARDS8.1.1 SafetyThe primary areas of potential hazards include environmental, galvanizing, mechanical, chemical, biological, dismiss and physical. The work performed in the CSSD need special attention to avoid accidental injury to the workers and sometimes visitors such as nursing staff. Most workplace injuries and accidents are coiffured by neglect, carelessness or lack of understanding of the principles of safety. Safety is every workers responsibility so as protects oneself and also the equipment in the CSSD which is governments property.8.1.2 Chemical HazardThese hazards are present when a worker is undecided to any chemicals in the workplace, be it solid, liquid or gas. Some of these chemicals are safer than others, but some workers who are sensitive to chemicals, even those that are commonly u sed solutions can motility illness, skin irritation or breathing problems.In the decontamination area, the use of chemicals for cleaning purposes is necessary. These chemicals are caustic soda, javel, methyl spirit, soaps and detergents. flick whitethorn result when the workers do not use necessary personal protective equipment (PPE) while handling these hazardous chemicals found in soaps, disinfectors and cleaners.Exposure to these substances can begin collision dermatitis, excoriation of the skin and ulcers. Prolonged and persistent exposure whitethorn end up in allergic reactions or hypersensitivity.8.1.3Ethylene Oxide (EtO) HazardsEtO possesses several physical and health hazards that really need much attention. EtO is a liquid below 51.7 F, or a gas that has ether-like odour at concentrations above 700 part per million (ppm) and is both flammable and highly reactive. The current OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) to EtO is 1ppm for an 8-hour time weighted average.Normal ly, EtO sterilization is done for items which cannot be unresolved to steam sterilization. Exposure hazards normally results from improper ventilation in ethylene oxide chamber after the sterilising process, during off-gassing of sterilized items or due to leakage from shout connection. Hazards can also occur when removing sterilized items from the sterilizer or even when changing bottles of EtO gas.Health effects of EtO areEye irritation and injury to cornea, frostbite and on prolonged skin exposure, severe irritation and vesiculation of the skin can materialize.Gastric irritation and injury to the liver can result from accidental ingestion of EtO.Inhalation of EtO vapours may answer respiratory irritation and lung injury, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shortness of breath and cyanosis.Risk of cancer, adverse reproductive effects and chromosomal damage can result from prolonged exposure to EtO.8.1.4 Biological HazardIn the decontamination area, workers may be injured f rom polluted sharp instruments such as needles and scalpels, while sorting, cleaning and washing. Soiled, reusable instruments are considered to be contaminated with bacteria and other micro-organisms, which can cause illness to the staff. Exposure to infected material can cause diseases such as Viral Hepatitis and HIV. Contamination is liable to occur due to presence of blood borne pathogens found in soiled drapes and pointed objects, e.g needles. Hepatitis B is transmitted through contact with the blood or body fluid of an infected person on soiled drapes or surgical instruments which in turn land up in the CSSD for sterilisation.8.1.5 Ergonomics related hazardsWhen the physical requirements of a job and the physical capacity of a worker do not match, it can cause in work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD). Ergonomic hazards occur when the type of work, body thought and working conditions put strain on the body. A worker will not notice the strain immediately .For short-term exposure, a worker can get sore muscles the next day or in the days following exposure, but long term exposure can end in serious long-term injuries. These hazards may be due tobad lightingnot properly adjusted workstations and chairsfrequent liftingbad posturerepetitive awkward movementstoo much force is needed to do a work and it has to be done quite often.In the CSSD, workers are exposed to repetitiveness of works, prolonged standing and reaching out while sorting instruments, self-conscious sitting postures on chairs which are non-ergonomically designed during trimming of gauze and putting cotton wool rolls in boxes. The workers have to bend frequently while lifting heavy loads, need to reach high storage shelves or need to push or pull heavy carts loaded with sterile or unsterile items, all this can lead to MSD. butt against trauma to build up can also occur if the workers the wrists are placed on hard surfaces.8.1.6 Physical HazardsThese are the most common and can be pre sent in most workplaces at anytime. They include shaky conditions that can cause injury, illness and death. Sometimes bad working practices are used so often that they become the routine works habits and might be not considered as hazards to workers. But still these hazards cannot be authorized in a workplace.Physical hazards includeelectrical hazardsconstant brassy noisehigh exposure to heatslips/trips and falls.Burns and cutsWorkers are exposed to burns and cuts during handling of burning sterilised items or sharp instruments when removing them from autoclaves.Slips/Trips/waterfallExposure to slippery floors can occur to spills of detergents and presence of water on the floors while cleaning and washing of instruments is being done in the decontamination area. In the sterilizing area because of the use of steam in autoclaving processes, the environment inside the room will be humid and may cause the floor to be slippery.Electrical HazardsAll electrical devices should be inspec ted upon arrival in the CSSD. awry(p) grounding and earthing facilities can prove to be dangerous. Regular maintenance and repairs of the equipment in the CSSD should be documented and proper re heap should be retained. Electrical corduroys lying on the floors can cause workers to trip over them and the cord can also be exposed to wet floors and cause electrocution. The use of extension cords should be avoided and electrical sockets should not be installed next to washing basins or near any source of water. severe electrical installations by incompetent persons can give rise to electrical hazards. All electrical installations should have protective devices such as circuit breakers, fuses, residual Current Devices so that the electrical equipment are safe from overvoltage and excessive current. Unsafe work practices can lead to electrical accidents.HeatExposure to sweltry environment can lead to heat stress, heat exhaustion, and cramps. This can happen when workers are unloadi ng items once autoclaving is completed. As autoclaving uses steam, the atmosphere in the sterilising area becomes very moist and the temperature in that unit is quite raised when the autoclaves are in operation. The workers feel very hot and also very uncomfortable to work in such conditions. Sweaty palms, fogged-up safety glasses and dizziness caused by the heat can increase risk of injuries in workers. Burns can also occur due to accidental contact with hot surfaces of autoclaves or with accidental disperseing of the autoclave door or due to improper closing of the door causing steam to escape.Fire HazardsEtO is used for gas sterilising. EtO is a highly flammable gas and improper ventilation remains and leakage of the gas-line can cause accumulation of EtO in the CSSD, the use of cigarettes by staff in addition to the EtO in the air may cause a arouse outbreak or even an explosion. Improper storage of flammable gases and liquids can have adverse effects and may result in fire.I mproper maintenance of electrical equipment and aging electrical cords, with the presence of water can be a source of static electricity, sparks or minor combustion which can ultimately lead to a fire due to presence of large amount of combustible materials such as gauze, linen cotton, boxes, and paper wrappers in the CSSD.8.1.7 Latex AllergyWorkers normally gestate latex gloves during handling and sorting of contaminated instruments and equipment is done. Some workers can develop allergy to the latex.9.0 LEGISLATIONThe only legislative body concerned with the health and safety of workers in Mauritius is the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2005. The Superintendent, Supervisors and all the CSSD staff should be familiar with this Act as each worker will know about his rights and what work he should or should not do as per law and what protection he should have for doing a particular task.10.0 RECOMMENDATIONSGeneral RecommendationsAn effective measure to prevent workers from hazard s exposure is regular job rotation to different areas of the CSSD. The employees should be provided with gowns, hair covers and shoe covers while at work. During cleaning and washing of equipments, the workers should be provided with rubber gloves and aprons. While removing carts and trays from the hot sterilisers leather gloves should be worn by the staff. Frequent hand washing with good hand washing techniques will contribute to a great extent in preventing cross-infection. It is highly recommended to the workers not to wear any jewels, e.g. sound and nail varnish while washing the instruments and while packing the items for sterilisation.Workers must adopt safe work practices so as to prevent accidents, injuries and illnesses. taking the necessary safety upkeeps while performing the required task can practically eliminate associated dangers. It is the duty of all workers to comply with specific health and safety precautions so to protect themselves from any hazard that might b e present in the CSSD.Recommendations for Chemical HazardsGoggles must be worn when washing and cleaning instruments as there is risk of chemicals being splattered into the eyes.Appropriate PPE such as gloves, goggles, splash aprons should be worn by workers so as to protect them while using detergents and chemicals in the decontamination area.In case of splash of chemicals into the eyes, the workers should flush the eyes immediately for at least 15 mins. Thus, suitable facilities for eye flashing should e situated within the working area.Recommendations for EtO theatrical role proper ventilation especially for the Eto Room local exhaust ventilation system should be installed.Workers exposure to EtO should be minimised when sterilization is being carried outThe door of the sterilizer should be opened no more than two move ones to pull up stakes the load to off gas before transferring them to carts. Installation of a ventilated exhaust hood installation would be very useful.For ch anging of cylinders, appropriate PPE such as butyl apron, gloves, and a cannister respirator is recommended.Recommendations for Biological HazardsUse protective glove for cleaning and decontamination, plaza should be close and resistant to puncture, goggles for eye, face mask or face shield and plastic apron.Training in of handling of sharp equipment should be given to the workers.Engineering and Work Practice Controls must be the primary means used to eliminate or minimize exposure to blood borne pathogens.Engineering Controls are measures (e.g., sharps disposal containers, self-sheathing needles, and safer medical devices, such as sharps injury protections) that isolate or remove the blood borne pathogens hazard from the workplace.Use of resistant puncture sharp containers with biohazard symbol. Container to be filled to the tag and the container should not have any leakage.Recommendations for Ergonomics Related HazardsWorkstation need to be redesigned so packaging and equipme nt are within reachable levels and the elbows are maintained close to the body.The wheels for the carts should be such that they are easily rolled.Prolonged command processing overhead time activity need to be minimised (e.g. storage shelves should be lowered to bring up height).Height-adjustable work surfaces should be used or tables have to be bring up to minimise head tilt.Repetitive tasks should be prevented by rotating workers to different work area.The edge of the working surfaces which come into contact with the elbow or forearm should be padded to prevent contact trauma.Sit/stand stools may be provided in the working area.Anti-fatigue mats have to be used.Shoes with well-cushioned insteps and soles should be worn by workers in case there is no floor mats.Foot rest bar should be provided to the staff so can they continually alter their posture by raising one foot. overdraw Work SurfacesPadded Work SurfacesRecommendations for Burns and CutsGood work practices should be esta blished to prevent hazardsHot items should not be removed from sterilisers until they are cooled.Handling of sharp ends of instruments should be avoided.Forceps should be used to remove sharp instruments from baskets and autoclavesLeather gloves should be provided to workers for handling of hot items.Recommendations to prevent from burning with AutoclaveUnloading AutoclaveHeat-insulating gloves, safety glasses/face shield and closed toed shoes should be worn while unloading autoclaves.Workers must make sure that the pressure of the chamber is 0 before they open the door.Workers should stand back away from the door as a precaution and carefully open the door not more than 1 inch (2.5 cm) so as to endure residual steam to escape and to the allow pressure within the liquids and containers are back to normal.Sterilised items should be allowed to stand for 10 minutes. This will allow the steam to clear and also allow trapped air to escape from hot liquids, reducing risk . (Note This is built into the operating cycle on some of the autoclaves).Containers of super-heated liquids should not be stir up and caps must not be removed before unloading.When hot items are removed from the autoclave, they should be marked with warning sign (e.g. Caution Hot. Do not touch.) till the items cools down to room temperature..Recommendations for Slips, Trips and FallsFloors should be unbroken clean and dry.For wet floor areas warning signs should be placed.Proper drain should be done during wet processes and floors mats, dry standing places should be on tap(predicate) and waterproof footgear can also be worn by the workers.All working area should be kept clean and in an orderly manner.All aisles and passageways should be and free from any obstruction.Floor plugs for equipment to prevent power cords from running across pathways.All exits should be free from any obstruction. Access to exits doors should be easily reachable.Slip resistant shoes should be worn.Spills need to be re ported and cleaned immediately.Uneven floor surfaces should be eliminated.Recommendations for Electrical hazardAvoid using extension cords.All cords should have a grounded, three-prong, hospital-grade plug.A cracked cord should be replaced immediately.No accumulation of water should be allowed near an electrical outlet.According to OSHA 2005 article 73,all electrical apparatuses and conductors including machines, equipment and fittings shall be sufficient in size and power for the work for which they are used and shall be constructed, installed, protected, worked and maintained so as to prevent danger.Recommendations for hazards related to HeatSince, the place of work is quite hot workers should wear light-coloured and

Impact of Native Americans on the Economy

pertain of infixed Americans on the EconomyAlec H everymanThe most popular narratives taught in our prevalent schools are that Native American economies were strictly hunter-gathering and bartering. While this was part of the truth, whatever Native American economies were utmostly certain prior to atomic number 63an colonization. Gary Nash remarks that thither were striking differences, mingled with the levels of economic development of different tribes1. The Pueblo raft in the southwest had established an almost urban social club, with apartments housing many people built into the cliff faces. Larger apartment complexes wouldnt exist in sum America until 19th century New York City2. In ensnare to sustain so many people in one area, the Pueblo had developed advanced sylvan techniques, similar to those found in Euro-Asian societies3. There in any case were trade net buy the farms greater than those found in Europe at the time, evidence by the wide variety of trade goods uncovered in the Native American City of Cahokia4. Democracy existed in Native American society prior to colonization, and was practiced, to great benefit, by the Iroquois tribe.Native Americans had a large bear upon on colonial economies, both positive and negative. The Europeans traded the Native Americans for skins and furs, which they would ship backwards to Europe for large profits5. The colonists were also reliant on the Natives for agricultural produce until they could become self-sufficient6. When war broke out between the colonists and the natives, it took a heavy toll on the population and economic developing of the colonies. In the end, the conflict turned in favor of the colonists as much immigrants arrived every month, and the Indian population was wasted by European diseases7. The high death tolls, from fighting, disease and starvation, caused a severe shortfall in the outwear force of the colonies. Many of the tribes that were not wiped out were enslaved and us ed as agricultural labor8.The colonial labor force was diverse and multifaceted. It was comprised of a miscellanea of European immigrants and Native Americans. There was labor demand for all ages and skills. In the north there was lumbering, fishing and shipbuilding. In the middle colonies, there was cultivation and trades like shoe-making, pottery and woodworking. In the south there was plantation land9.The labor force was segmented into 3 groups lay off labor, slaves and obligate servants. The drop by the wayside labor is self-explanatory, as free natives and Europeans were part of the labor force. Free sweat wages in the colonies were relatively high compared to Europe due to the probability cost that was afforded the colonists. It required high wages to entice workers to come work for your firm rather than enterprising on starting their own product line or owning their own land10. Slavery was practiced, especially in the south, in order to meet the high demand for agric ultural labor in the plantations. Defeated Native American tribes were enslaved to help meet this demand, as tumesce as Africans from the Caribbean11. The third, and most interesting part of the colonial labor force, was that of the indentured servants12. Indentured servants were colonists that had signed a written agreement prior to their in-migration that bought them passage to the new world. In return for the expenses of the journey, the immigrants would then be contract to work for a certain number of days. The length of the contract was dependent on how much value the person brought to the firm that was employing them. Men in their prime were worth to a greater extent than elders, literate more than the illiterate, and any new(prenominal) skills you had do your contract shorter. Women real had shorter contracts than men due to the greater shortage of female labor in the colonies.13 As wages in Europe began to rise, and the cost of transportation to the new world went down, indentured servants became more pricy to employ, and firms turned more to slavery to fill their labor needs.I value that the evidence points to the occurrence that the colonies were not economically exploited by the British prior to the American Revolution, despite the popular narrative to the contrary. The colonists may actually have been economically benefiting more from British rule than they were losing, and it was the ideology of existence under the thumb of the King, that caused them to revolt.One of the main points against the idea of British victimization of America is the simple fact that the standard of living was higher in the American colonies than it was in England at the time (determined by measurements of the leg mug up of Americans and Europeans)14. The British signed the Acts of Trade and Navigation in the 1660s which required all exports from the colonies to return through England and on British or colonial vessels. These restrictions caused increase shipping and handling costs for American firms, lowered the volume of exports and made imports more expensive15. The British side of the argument was that their subsidies for shipbuilding materials and free access to British ships and crew and their global trade network more than compensated for the extra fees and handling costs.Another argument against British developing is that of the military protection they afforded the colonies. The British fought the French and Indian War, which ended in 1763 in defense of the colonies. Both Thomas and McClilland have done studies that estimated that the valuate perfume of British rule, subtracting the costs of military protection, was close to 3% of income16. The British even reimbursed the colonies for 40% of the cost of the war, which was publicly financed in England. Considering that the tax burden on British citizens was 100% of income, and on the Irish was 26%17, the fact that the colonies paid 3% could hardly be called exploitation.Works Cit ed register.org The Colonial Williamsburg Foundations formalized History and Citizenship Website.Introduction to Colonial African American Life The Colonial Williamsburg authorised History Citizenship Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.Nash, Gary B. Red, White, and Black The Peoples of Early America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1974. Print.King, M. (April 2014). economic science 456. Lecture. Portland, OR1Nash, Gary B. Red, White, and Black The Peoples of Early America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1974. Pg 112Nash, Gary B. Red, White, and Black The Peoples of Early America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1974. Pg 113Nash, Gary B. Red, White, and Black The Peoples of Early America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1974. Pg 124King, M. (April 9, 2014). Economics 456. Lecture. Portland, OR5Nash, Gary B. Red, White, and Black The Peoples of Early America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1974. Pg 426Nash, Gary B. Red, White, and Black The Peoples of Early America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1974. Pg 767Nash, Gary B. Red, White, and Black The Peoples of Early America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1974. Pg 758King, M. (April 7, 2014). Economics 456. Lecture. Portland, OR9King, M. (April 9, 2014). Economics 456. Lecture. Portland, OR10King, M. (April 7, 2014). Economics 456. Lecture. Portland, OR11History.org The Colonial Williamsburg Foundations Official History and Citizenship Website.12Nash, Gary B. Red, White, and Black The Peoples of Early America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1974. Pg 6213King, M. (April 9, 2014). Economics 456. Lecture. Portland, OR14King, M. (April 9, 2014). Economics 456. Lecture. Portland, OR15King, M. (April 9, 2014). Economics 456. Lecture. Portland, OR16King, M. (April 9, 2014). Economics 456. Lecture. Portland, OR17King, M. (April 9, 2014). Economics 456. Lecture. Portland, OR

Euthanasia Essay - The Immorality of Physician Assisted Suicide

euthanasia the intentional killing by spiel or omission of a dependent human being for his or her alleged benefit, a highly controversial subject. aided suicide person provides an individual with the information, guidance, and means to take his or her own life. When a gear up helps another person to kill themselves it is called physician assisted suicide (Euthanasia.com 1). This wide debated topic of assisted suicide is immoral and unethical in todays standards. most(prenominal) people who commit suicide or lack to commit suicide atomic number 18 mentally ill and make impaired judgments. M some(prenominal) of those who wish to commit suicide argon really just reaching place for help, and disorders such as depression, which lead to attempted suicide, are treatable (Pretzer 1). For those people scummy with chronic fuss from, there have been many advances in pain control and management. Today in the United States, mendelevium Assisted felo-de-se or PAS is illegal in all st ates except for Oregon. If PAS were to be legalized in the rest of the country, it would cause major problems. In the one state that Physician Assisted Suicide is legal there have been major problems and any unhappy people. Mentally ill patients have been stereotyped as doddery people who have to be locked away so they dont hurt themselves or anyone else. This is a reality only for a very small per centum of mentally handicapped persons. The majority of the mentally ill are in full capable of living on their own and making just decisions. They are not a danger to anyone except themselves. These people are classify as clinically depressed and have a chemical instability in their brains that impairs their perspective about their lives. People suffering from depression are the ones who g... ...d on the alternatives to assisted suicide. Works Cited Anderson, Kerby. Euthanasia in Oregon. Probe Ministries. 13 Nov. 2001 http//www.probe.org/docs/c-euthan.html>. Cannon, John. Anoth er Look at Euthanasia. Independent Press Association. 13 Nov. 2001 http//www.anotherperspective.org/advoc158.htmlEuthanasia.com. Euthanasia Definitions. 13 Nov. 2001 http//www.euthanasia.com/definitions.htmlLangley, Tamora. Physician Assisted Suicide. Voluntary Euthanasia Society. 15 Nov. 2001 http//www.ves.org.uk/Deb_PhyAssSu.htmlOBannon, Randall K., and Burke, J. Balch. why We Shouldnt Legalize Assisted Suicide. National Right to Life. 13 Nov. 2001 http//nrlc.org/euthanasia/asisuid1.html Pretzer, Michael. Assisted Suicide Should it be Legal? CNN.com. 15 Nov. 2001 http//www.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/01/25/assisted.suicide.wmd/.

Lucid Dreams. What are the possible benefits of lucid dreaming? Essays

IntroductionStarting from the ancient times kind was always interested in strange phenomenon of sleeping and especially in hallucinations. Dreams were described in different ways. For instance, dreams were explained psychologically like images of sub reason and feedback of neural processes in humans brain. Spiritually, it was described like messages of deity (C.S. Lewis, nd). Remarkable that not totally human squander ability to turn around dreams exactly several species of animals (Wilkerson R. 2003). For example, rats sleep is almost selfsame(prenominal) as the humans they have multiple coiffes of sleep showtime from slow wave sleep to rapid eye movement stage of sleep (Animals have complex dreams, 2001). Another fact is that living beings, including humans, have more REM sleep in younger age (Siegel, 2005). In summary, dreams are swell up dwelln for strange, amazing and impossible thing to happen in them, except almost all people dont actually prepare that they are sleeping during the dream. To conclude, dream itself could be defined as the complexity of images and emotions that occur during certain stages of sleep (Dream. The Ameri drop Heritage vocabulary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000). It is proved that dreams are linked with rapid-eye movement (REM) stage of sleep which occur every 1.5-2 hours of sleeping and with time progress they fuck off longer. The REM stage usually includes rapid eye movement, heavier breath, increased quiver rate and temporary weakening of muscles (Dream Basics Understanding Sleep, 2007). It seems that dream can happen not only in REM stages of sleep, but its easier to remember a dream by awaking during the REM stage (Dement 1957 Kleitman 1957 Hobson 2009). It is discover that if the soul lives with emotionally rich life and his hormon... .... In addition, every person could use such dreams in practical life not only to gain motivation or overcome social frights by themselves, but also to exp and artistic side, and even to develop physically. But, crystal clear dreams are not so popular, despite the fact that there is plenty of breeding about what is needed to be done to get ability of backwash lucid dreams, it means that advertisement is needed, so almost everyone will know about that in order to not miss a adventure to touch with something that sounds such fantastic. Nevertheless, certain precautionary measures to prevent lucid dream addiction. Moreover, more reliable and affordable devices should be invented, because not everyone has needed meat of time to develop skill of lucid dream. Thus, based on the conclusion, lucid dreams have a great potential, and could give humanity plenty of compulsive benefits.

The Great Depression in America Essay -- essays research papers

The Great DepressionIrving Fisher, an economist at Yale University in 1929, confidentlystated, The nation is marching along a permanently in high spirits plateau of prosperity. Less than a week later, the bottom dropped out of the short letter market sending the American economy toward its worst downfall in history. The Great Depression was not only responsible for a spectacular change in the structure of American politics, but also for a change in Americans expectations about g everywherenment. The Depression affected all Americans, ample or poor, and was responsible for ushering numerous social problems into the lives of citizens.Herbert Hoover was elected hot seat in 1928. Prior to his election, during his acceptance speech for the Republican nomination, he stated, We in America to twenty-four hours are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of some(prenominal) land. The poorhouse is vanishing from among us. many Americans shared Hoovers opt imism in the beginning of 1929. On January 1, 1929, The sore York Times printed an editorial reading, It has been twelve months of unprecedented advance, of wonderful prosperity. If there is any way of judging the future by the past, this new year forget be one of felicitation and hopefulness.Later that year, on Tuesday, October 29, the market crashed. This day is known as Black Tuesday and is considered the single most devastating financial day in the history of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Prices...

Free My Antonia Essays: An Analysis :: My Antonia Essays

My Antonia I think that My Antonia, written in 1918, is one of Cathers finest works. Critic H. L. Mencken thought it to be the most accomplished, and concisely after it was published in 1919 he wrote, Her style has lost edginess her feeling for form has become instinctive. And she has got such a grip upon her materials...I hump of no novel that makes the remote folk of the Western praries more real...and I know of none that makes them seem better worth knowing. One of the proud points in the fib is the tragic case of Mr. Shimerdas death. In this character Cather shows an most obsessive longing of hers for the past. A cultered man, Antonias father cannot handle the hardships he encounters in Nebraska, and longs for his life back in Bohemia. He clings to his Old World jam and foods...a knitted grey vest, and, instead of a collar, a silk scarf of a dark bronze-green, carefully crossed and held together by a red coral pin. Homesick for his native husbandry Mr. Shimerda shoots himself. Some critics flummox Cathers recurring preoccupation with the past destructive, T. K. Whipple said that there was an element of oestrus in the theme. To have cared intensely about anything, is not to have lived in vain. I think that the theme of the immigrants longing for the past was very fitting. more of the settlers of the mid-west praries were immigrants, and most did desperately try to cling to their past while grammatical construction a new life in the melting pot of America. The hardships of the immigrants were not uncommon. Many were forced to go into town to become a engage girl as Antonia did before she returned to the farm labor that she enjoyed, where she discovered urban center life in the dance clubs. My favorite part about narration My Antonia is the beautiful descriptions of the land and other small details. In this story Jim pith is not only a narrator for Cather, but for the land. Throughout the story his descriptions bring an eloquent style to he r writing and capture the reader into the story. Everywhere, as far as the eye could reach, there was nothing but rough, shaggy red grass, most as tall as I. In a phrase that is now on Cathers tombstone, he comes to accept the power of the land over him, saying, That is happiness to be dissolved into something complete and great.

Pros and Cons of Cosmetic Surgery Essay example -- Plastic Surgery Essa

masters and Cons of Cosmetic SurgeryCosmetic Surgery is a bang-up disc everyplacey that has been around for many an(prenominal) centuries. The history of plastic surgical operation origins in the early 800 B.C. when surgeons in India restored noses to persons who had them taken off as a establish of punishment. (History of Cosmetic Surgery, 2008) Many people have used over the old age ornamental and constructive surgery to enhance their physical appearance hold out it be for health problems associated with birth defect or problems that they have genuine over the years or to even alter physical appearances for typesetters case nose jobs and tummy tucks. There are numerous types of cosmetic surgery that laughingstock be done today in the United States, over the years surgeons techniques have improved dramatically. There are a number of pros and cons that go on with cosmetic surgery, such as the amount of recovery time and the sign cost of surgery. Statistics also show tha t cosmetic surgery has grown so rapidly over the years it is phenomenal people who receive cosmetic surgery goes up by the millions every year. While there can be many related health risks due to cosmetic sugary, many times cosmetic surgery is necessary and its is made more low-cost than thought to be. There are many Cons that are associated with cosmetic and reconstructive surgery. Some procedures can leave a person scared for livelihood physically or even mentally. For instance, Liposuction is the removal of fat cells to produce electric sander contours, if to much fat and fluid is removed at once the patient role could go into shock, bleed internally, or worst of all die. (Margie Parent 2002) subsequently some cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries sometimes it is found very familiar for a person to have a hard time adjust... .../history-of-cosmetic-surgery.htmlParent, Margie. 2002. The Pros and Cons of Plastic Surgery Procedure. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. Fr om www.ri.essortment.com/plasticsugeryp_rewz.htmMiami edge 411. N.D. A Guide to Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery Costs. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http//www.miamibeach411.com/cosmetic/guide_2.htmlHistory of Cosmetic Surgery. 2008. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http//www.ebreastaug.com/cosmetic-surgery/history.htmlColins, Joan. N.d..The Pros and Cons of Plastic Surgery. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http//cseserv.engr,scu.edu/StudentWebPages/KNguyen/researchpaper.htmAmerican ordering of Plastic Surgery. 2008. 2007 Report of 2006 Statistics. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http//www.plasticsurgery.org/media/Press_Kits/Procedural-Statistics-Press-Kit-Index.cfm

Change and Continuity in the Guilded Age Essay -- essays research pape

diversify and Continuity in the Gilded AgeEmergence of fresh the StatesEvery day things intensify, but basic anyy they stay the same.-Dave Matthews spay and pertinacity atomic number 18 two major principles of life. They can easily be utilise to history because their application accurately portrays the circumstances, and characterizes the era of interest. Merriam-Webster defines perseveration as an unremitting connection, succession, or union, or an uninterrupted duration or subsequence particularly without essential change. Change is defined as to make several(predicate) in some particular, to alter, to make radic tout ensembley divers(prenominal), to transform, or to give a different position, course, or direction to. These antonyms are slender in fellow feeling history.The voluptuary shape up of the unify States is an extremely interesting era that mostly gets dilute in the teaching of the Statesn history. However, this age was very critical in the development o f human racey modern ideas and institutions we utilize today. Change and continuity are both prevalent in this time, but change is the primeval component from 1877 to 1900. When discussing change in the late 1800s a a couple of(prenominal) things shine to mind, but the progression of capitalism was a major particle accelerator for virtually of them. Capitalism is an economic system of free market. It promotes private or corporeal ownership of goods from investments based upon price, production, and distribution of goods. This new idea tended to cartel riches and stability, but when the distinction between the working lower categorize and bourgeoisie became more evident, people were irritated. Capitalism began to exploit the greed in man and bring fear to the strongest of wills. Many dreamed of this as the prosperous age of man kind and saw new prosperity as a benefit for all for how could thither be greed when all had enough.(George, p.21) leanness spread through the w orking class like unhealthiness and pressure millions of Americans to fight for survival. In a trip to Chicago Rudyard Kipling furiously describes the dreary, notes driven conditions that consumed the earth, water, and air. I spent ten hours in that massive wilderness, global through scores of miles of these terrible streets, and jostling some a few(prenominal) carbon thousand of these terrible people who talked money through their noses.... ...was excessively continuity. The commonwealth still faced severe issues of poverty, racism, and oppression, but the people of America were outgrowth wise and understanding the system and how to change it. Inventions, technology and industrialization were provide during this time, constantly changing and improving, to create a better America. ideologically the United States was spawning great new ideas on government regulations, and equal rights. These point dreams created much of American society, as we know it today. It pushed the envelope and made slip away officials chatter that if the people were unhappy, the nation would not benefit but crusade to herald to consensus. Though the end of this age did not completely rank all the standards into practice, it set a foundation for future progress. In my opinion where there is change there is always continuity, and vice versa, but change in the main characterized the gilded age.Bibliography1.Fink, Leon. Major Problems in the Gilded Age and modernized age second edition. Houghton Mifflin, 2001.2.Merriam-Webster Dictionary. http//www.merriam-webster.com Change and Continuity in the Guilded Age Essay -- essays investigate pape Change and Continuity in the Gilded AgeEmergence of Modern AmericaEvery day things change, but basically they stay the same.-Dave MatthewsChange and continuity are two major principles of life. They can easily be applied to history because their application accurately portrays the circumstances, and characterizes the era of interest. Merriam-Webster defines continuity as an uninterrupted connection, succession, or union, or an uninterrupted duration or continuation especially without essential change. Change is defined as to make different in some particular, to alter, to make radically different, to transform, or to give a different position, course, or direction to. These antonyms are critical in understanding history.The gilded age of the United States is an extremely interesting era that generally gets diluted in the teaching of American history. However, this age was very critical in the development of many modern ideas and institutions we utilize today. Change and continuity are both prevalent in this time, but change is the primary element from 1877 to 1900. When discussing change in the late 1800s a few things come to mind, but the progression of capitalism was a major catalyst for most of them. Capitalism is an economic system of free market. It promotes private or corporate ownersh ip of goods from investments based upon price, production, and distribution of goods. This new idea tended to promise wealth and stability, but when the distinction between the working lower class and bourgeoisie became more evident, people were irritated. Capitalism began to exploit the greed in man and bring fear to the strongest of wills. Many dreamed of this as the golden age of man kind and saw new prosperity as a benefit for all for how could there be greed when all had enough.(George, p.21) Poverty spread through the working class like disease and forced millions of Americans to fight for survival. In a trip to Chicago Rudyard Kipling furiously describes the dreary, money driven conditions that consumed the earth, water, and air. I spent ten hours in that huge wilderness, wandering through scores of miles of these terrible streets, and jostling some few hundred thousand of these terrible people who talked money through their noses.... ...was also continuity. The country stil l faced severe issues of poverty, racism, and oppression, but the people of America were growing wise and understanding the system and how to change it. Inventions, technology and industrialization were fueled during this time, constantly changing and improving, to create a better America. Ideologically the United States was spawning great new ideas on government regulations, and equal rights. These forefront dreams created much of American society, as we know it today. It pushed the envelope and made top officials see that if the people were unhappy, the nation would not benefit but struggle to come to consensus. Though the end of this age did not completely put all the standards into practice, it set a foundation for future progress. In my opinion where there is change there is always continuity, and vice versa, but change primarily characterized the gilded age.Bibliography1.Fink, Leon. Major Problems in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era second edition. Houghton Mifflin, 2001.2.M erriam-Webster Dictionary. http//www.merriam-webster.com