Canons of Taxation free essay sample

A good tax system is one which is designed on the basis of an appropriate set of principles (rules). The tax system should strike a balance between the interest of the taxpayer and that of tax authorities. Adam Smith was the first economist to develop a list of Canons of Taxation. These canons are still regarded as characteristics or features of a good tax system. Adam Smith gave following four important canons of taxation. 1. Canon of Equity The principle aims at providing economic and social justice to the people. According to this principle, every person should pay to the government depending upon his ability to pay. The rich class people should pay higher taxes to the government, because without the protection of the government authorities (Police, Defence, etc. ) they could not have earned and enjoyed their income. Adam Smith argued that the taxes should be proportional to income, i. e. , citizens should pay the taxes in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the state. We will write a custom essay sample on Canons of Taxation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Canon of Certainty According to Adam Smith, the tax which an individual has to pay should be certain, not arbitrary. The tax payer should know in advance how much tax he has to pay, at what time he has to pay the tax, and in what form the tax is to be paid to the government. In other words, every tax should satisfy the canon of certainty. At the same time a good tax system also ensures that the government is also certain about the amount that will be collected by way of tax. 3. Canon of Convenience The mode and timing of tax payment should be as far as possible, convenient to the tax payers. For example, land revenue is collected at time of harvest income tax is deducted at source. Convenient tax system will encourage people to pay tax and will increase tax revenue. 4. Canon of Economy This principle states that there should be economy in tax administration. The cost of tax collection should be lower than the amount of tax collected. It may not serve any purpose, if the taxes imposed are widespread but are difficult to administer. Therefore, it would make no sense to impose certain taxes, if it is difficult to administer. Additional Canons of Taxation v Activities and functions of the government have increased significantly since Adam Smiths time. Government are expected to maintain economic stability, full employment, reduce income inequality amp; promote growth and development. Tax system should be such that it meets the requirements of growing state activities. Accordingly, modern economists gave following additional canons of taxation. 5. Canon of Productivity It is also known as the canon of fiscal adequacy. According to this principle, the tax system should be able to yield enough revenue for the treasury and the government should have no need to resort to deficit financing. This is a good principle to follow in a developing economy. 6. Canon of Elasticity According to this canon, every tax imposed by the government should be elastic in nature. In other words, the income from tax should be capable of increasing or decreasing according to the requirement of the country. For example, if the government needs more income at time of crisis, the tax should be capable of yielding more income through increase in its rate. . Canon of Flexibility It should be easily possible for the authorities to revise the tax structure both with respect to its coverage and rates, to suit the changing requirements of the economy. With changing time and conditions the tax system needs to be changed without much difficulty. The tax system must be flexible and not rigid. 8. Canon of Simplicity The tax system shoul d not be complicated. That makes it difficult to understand and administer and results in problems of interpretation and disputes. In India, the efforts of the government in recent years have been to make the system simple. 9. Canon of Diversity This principle states that the government should collect taxes from different sources rather than concentrating on a single source of tax. It is not advisable for the government to depend upon a single source of tax, it may result in inequity to the certain section of the society; uncertainty for the government to raise funds. If the tax revenue comes from diversified source, then any reduction in tax revenue on account of any one cause is bound to be small.

The Relationship Between Smart Phones and People Essays

The Relationship Between Smart Phones and People Essays The Relationship Between Smart Phones and People Essay The Relationship Between Smart Phones and People Essay The Relationship Between Smart Phones and People Smart phone is a significant innovation and is a symbol of the globe information age arises. The advantages of smart phones are that not only are people able to call and answer but they can also install software to play games, surf the net and listen to music. Then, smart phones only change and emphasize how people communicate in many ways, however, they will not break the relationship with people. Firstly, people are more easily to contact and follow someones Twitter while they have smart phones; they can hear the sound and see the face of the friends and families for an affordable price. Technology improves and develops smart phone to be more human. Although many people believe that people playing with their phones may wreck their friendships, smart phones provide many positive experiences to stay in touch with people, including social networks, the cost of calling and humankind applications. First of all, feature phones change life simple and easy, and the reason is that these kinds of the phones lack of social network. Smartened have a lot of attractions from the Internet. For instance, users can upload their imagery, writings and videos to their Backbone, Twitter and blob instantly; then everyone can share something that append around them. As a result, people are able to follow their friends activities, comment writings and have new friends. People will know what their friends have done without asking. Moreover, people may lose touch and later find their old school friends in the primary, secondary or even the high school through the applications in the smart phones. Furthermore, people use cellophanes to scan the news, the magazines and books, they have more fresh and interesting topics to talk about when they have a meal with their friends, and therefore more interactive with each other. Smartness provide a great deal of information to share and respond. More importantly, feature phones have a high cost of calling, testing messages and other fees. Though Smartness are not cheap, it is no doubt that they help people save money because no one wants to spend a lot on calling. For example, in the past, people needed to pay much money for long distance and international calls. Therefore, people might call their family or friends once in a while. However, if people use smartness, they can spend less money to talk for longer. Moreover, there is an application in the smartness called Group; Group offers cheaper rises for many activities, people may buy tickets and with friends and go together on a weekend. In addition, smartness have Wi-If and connect is free from time to time. There is no cost to message and call when using wireless. Smartness reduce the price of calling and motivate people keep in touch. Finally, a phone is easier to use for most people due to the less functions. In contrast, smart phone is more complex and humankind due to a lot of applications, which help people close. For example, people could only text message and voice call before; they could not see their facial expression. In addition, programmers create the emotion signs for cellophane users right now; sometimes, these signs are compounded with letters, testing people. Also, leaving a vocal message is more popular and intimate with friends and families. Sometimes, people find it difficult to explain something by words and it is not necessary to have a call; they may use the chatting applications to send a voice message. These applications use data plans instead of extra money. In addition, if people wish to meet someone and talk, they can have a video call instead. People can see someone at anytime when they use Keep and Weight. Definitely, hose applications are helpful tools and merely help people to more conveniently contact each other. The fact is, when people have smart phones; the communications between people will not less. Due to there are a lot of activities that people can do together with their friends and families. In addition, people use smartness can communicate through social network, reduce the payment of calling fees and choose one of varied convenient applications to contact. If someone does not agree with these opinions, why not consider leaving the smartened at home and using the feature phone for one day to have expected answer?

Technological Transformations of Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Technological Transformations of Society - Essay Example As the above definition explains, technology is about applying technical means to life. In today’s developing world, technology is all around us. Its presence can be felt in almost all fields of life. Social Networking is no exception. In fact the term social networking itself is a product of innovative technology. Social networking means to socialize via a network which is mostly done online, using some supporting platform. Most social networking websites enable the creation of a personal profile, where members of the network or ‘online family’ can feed their basic information and photographs etc. the members can then connect with other members on the website via platforms associated with these profiles. According to one definition, social networks are: â€Å"Web-based services that allow individuals to construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection and view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system. The nature and nomenclature of these connections may vary from site to site.† 2 Face book is one of today’s leading social network websites. According to one survey, people spend three times more time on face book than they do on Google (Ostrow, 2009). The main features of face book include: Face book profile, friend finder, photo and video sharing, news feed, personal wall and face book games. Face book originated as ‘Face mash’ back in 2003 by a Harvard student named Mark Zuckerberg. The privacy policy of ‘Face mash’, which later became as ‘face book’ was criticized and the creator of this program faced many legal suites in this regard (Web hosting report, 2009). Zuckerberg mainly faced criticism against open exchange of data viewable by practically any body on the internet. The privacy policy of face book has been undergoing a lot of changes since its creation. ‘Face mash’, originally meant for Harvard

Mid-term history exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Mid-term history exam - Essay Example In fact, fabrics made in the home with techniques that remained largely unchanged since the Middle Ages. The machines used within the home to make textile fabrics were small and either hand-powered or powered by hand. The Industrial Revolution, however, replaced these hand-powered machines with coal and put the manufacturing responsibilities in the hands of a centralized factory system (Backer). These coal-powered technologies, along with the steam engine, are the most commonly cited cause of the Industrial Revolution (Hudson). James Watt’s development of the steam engine allowed the transformation of fuel into mechanical work, which quickly became a staple instrument in a variety of different industries including powering locomotives, ships, textile machines, and automobiles. However, other explanations may aid in explaining why the Revolution occurred. One theory states that capitalism is responsible for the Revolution, insofar as capitalism incited merchants to take more co ntrol over their workers. When workers were paid a piecework rate in a factory, as opposed to the home, workers would produce more in order to have a better lifestyle. Centralization of material production into factories was the inevitable result of the capitalist system (Backer). Another theory looks at the differences in scientific knowledge between countries and tries to look at the Revolution in terms of what countries and cultures were able to think â€Å"mechanically† (Backer). In need, one of the first countries capable of such â€Å"mechanical† thinking was Great Britain, which is commonly believed to have been the first country to industrialize. In the case of England, science and dissemination of practical scientific knowledge played a large role. At that time, the new science of Newton was clearly associated with applied science. Those scientists disseminated their knowledge to an interested public for commercial and practical reasons through talks like the famous Boyle lectures and by various scientific societies like the Royal Society of London (Hudson). In many ways, the development of science in England and the development of industrialization in England were inextricably tied together. â€Å"By the end of the century it was simply assumed that the mechanization of manufacturing, and hence of labor, required a working knowledge of Newtonian science† (Jacob 167). Also, the concentration of knowledge into the limited land mass of the British isle may also have played a role in contributing to industrialization. Even though England was a source of new scientific knowledge, it would have been difficult to disseminate that knowledge if the country was less densely populated like continental Europe (Jacob 160-163). The Industrial Revolution left a number of social effects on England throughout the rest of the 19th and 20th centuries. For one, it led to the birth of the modern factory and, consequently, the modern city that develop ed around the factories. These factory towns brought in employees from all of the country looking for opportunities in the new industrialized world. A negative consequence of this was, of course, child labor. Child mortality rates increased throughout the industrialization period because parents would send their children off to dangerous employment in specialized tasks within the factories (Hudson). Although child labor existed prior to industrialization, it became a present phenomenon in society, in which children as young as four

Food Legislation is an Effective Way to Protect Public Health Discuss Essay

Food Legislation is an Effective Way to Protect Public Health Discuss - Essay Example Childhood obesity is growing concern amongst the other public health issues. Research shows that obesity is responsible for several other ailments and disorders such as diabetes, cardio vascular diseases and heart attacks. Hence controlling obesity from the very early years is an important thing to be ensured by the government of a nation. Obesity is spreading fast as a symptom of health crisis. It is a significant problem for mostly the developed nations but the developing countries are also catching up. Three of the G20 countries have an obesity rate above 30 percent. These are United States with 46.5 percent of its inhabitants suffering form obesity, Argentina with 37.6 percent and Mexico with 35.5 percent. Across the world above one billion adult populace are obese and the obesity rates have risen three fold or beyond in areas of North America, East Europe and the Middle East mainly due to lack of proper nutrients and reduced level of physical activities. Seven among the G20 nati ons have obesity rates lying above 25 percent. These comprise Saudi Arabia (29.7 %), â€Å"Australia (28.8 %), Canada (25.6%) and the United Kingdom (25%)† (The Globalist, 2010) In 2008, the BMI benchmarks were reviewed in England and following this revision, obesity amongst 2-15 years old children increased from 11 to 17 percent for boys and from 12 to 15 percent amongst girls (19). The 5-DAY program in UK has been proven to be an effective preventative way of improving both diet and nutrition amongst the population. Amongst those who follow this 5-DAY program, women (29 percent) comprised a greater share than men (25 percent). The survey also revealed that consumption increased in proportion to age. The group taken between 16 to 24 years of age comprised of 18 percent men and 21 percent women consuming the 5 portions intake of fruits and vegetables while the percentage for men and women are 32 and 36 percent respectively for the age group ranging from 55 to 64 years. Consid ering children aged between 5 to 15 years, one in five boys and girls were able to meet the government’s prescribed goal for consumption of a minimum of five serving size of fruits and vegetables. Fresh fruits were more commonly taken in these portions. The consumption of fruits was observed to decrease with increase in age (Craig, Mindell and Hirani, 2008, p.19). Now, obesity, especially in children is a problem, which needs to be controlled solely through a proper diet. Inclination towards fast food at the individual and the family level has mostly resulted in this problem. Often it has been observed that obesity, which develops in the childhood, tends to continue throughout life unless the eating habit and monitored at this stage. This makes childhood obesity an issue to be dealt with the help of regulation on food covering various aspects. Childhood obesity Over the past 30 years, the occurrence of plump children is identified as those having a body mass index (BMI) more than the 85th percentile for age and gender have tripled. Above 30 per cent of toddlers in the United States are plump or obese (BMI > 95th percentile). Childhood plumpness results from a malfunction of the body’s self-dictatorial system to adapt to environmental controls characteristic of the person’s genetic backdrop. Various aspects in the process of the multifaceted

The Problems That Faced Arab Nationalism Politics Essay

The Problems That Faced Arab Nationalism Politics Essay Upon the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the presence of imperial powers shortly after, the Middle East had to contend with a radical change in both the dynamics and the concentration of power within the region. These circumstances would lead in turn to chronic conflict in the Middle East and consequent repeated attempts at unifying the Arab world. This essay will look at how and why attempts were made at uniting Arab states and why these attempts often failed at delivering any significant unification. First it is important to look closely at the position the Middle East found itself in, in the early 20th century. The Ottoman Empire had ruled the region for over four centuries and had done so through divisions of people in different autonomous communal groups. This was in stark contrast to the territorial borders imposed by the imperial powers. As Ayoob argues, boundaries imposed by imperial powers fragmented the region into the multitude of weak, competing and often artificial state units on the basis of great powers interests and not indigenous wishes. The position the Middle East therefore found itself in was one in which indigenous groups were divided by territorial borders imposed by imperial powers, with these borders often simply being drawn with a ruler on a map with little attention being paid to the dynamics of the peoples living in these areas. Next it is important to look at the challenges states faced in nation building and how this would HAVE/of contributed to the need of Arabism. As Hinnebusch explains, one of the great difficulties facing Arab nations was incongruence within the new founded states. Identification of the people within the territorial state was weak compared with loyalties to sub-state units, such as the city, the tribe, or religious sect. The imported idea of the nation state had little historic tradition on which to build. As a result of Arab states being in a weakened position due to their challenge of nation building the ARABIST/Arabism movement meant that states could be UNITED MORE STRONGLY/stronger united. Leaders of Arab states would call for unity within the region in order to counter pressures from western powers. Hinnebusch explains that within a group, identity facilitates cooperation and mobilizes agents for change and where identity converges with shared territory and economic interdependence, resulting in a nation state or regional community, legitimacy and stability is reached. This was the mentality of Arab leaders when calling for unity. Kienle (1995) argues that states turned to Pan Arabism when they feel vulnerable and insecure. The use of identity is merely an instrument used in order to call for support in times of potential danger. Benedict Anderson argues that certain processes tie groups together into an imagined community. For example the development of local and regional economies engage different groups creating a link between them. The one-state-one-nation Western ideal contrasted with the Arab notion of one-nation-many-states. This follows the basic principle of Arab Nationalism or Arabism, which calls for the unification of all Arab people. The Arab world is unique in that the region shares, to a large extent, a common language, culture, history and religion. These are all important factors in determining nationalism of a state. Therefore the region looked set in establishing an Arab nationalism movement as it held all the ingredients to do so. However the issue was that the region had been divided into states, some of which WERE deemed artificial, and so as these new founded states attempted to consolidate power within their own territory and gain some form of identity, Arabism would face several constraints. From the outset there had been no agreement on how Arabism would be combine with more local loyalties (such as within the state). As states started to gain independence nationalistic movements started to take place in order to unify the peoples within territorial borders. For example Iraq, WHICH/who became the first Arab state to achieve its official independence in 1932, went through a process that attempted to create a sense of Iraqi Patriotism. King Faisal conducted a competition between poets and musicians to provide words and music for the first Iraqi national anthem. Therefore one of the issues that first arose in causing a difficulty in the establishment of Arabism was the need of consolidating power within new FOUND/founded territorial borders and the call to local loyalties that would put a wider call to Arabism on hold. Another issue that faced Arabism was the competition between the stronger Arab states in taking lead throughout the region. As state building became more and more important, leaders were often concerned about losing power to other Arab states. An example of this was King Faisal attempts at holding an Arab congress in Baghdad, in order to use Arab support to help reduce Iraqi weakness and overcome the dangers threatening the integrity of Iraqi society. However Humphreys, the British High Commissioner, NO WHO NEEDED/who argued it could provoke hostility from Iraqi neighbours and bring about the very dangers that the king feared, rejected the proposal. It would have built up hostility from leading Arab states like Saudi Arabia who resisted any moves made by states that could put them into a leading position within the region. The outcome of the six-day war is often used to signal the end of the Arabism movement. The war led to the astounding Israeli victory over a united Arab force (primarily Egypt, Syria and Jordan) and the inability of ARAB/Arabic countries to generate economic growth. One of the major reasons to why this would be the downfall of the ARABIST/Arabism movement was the extent to which Egypt suffered major losses in the war. Egypts losses meant that they would no longer at the front food of Arab politics. From 1967 and throughout the 1970s we see the country move further and further away from the pursuit of Arabism. The Camp David Accords, promoting peace between Israel and Egypt and the expulsion of Egypt from the Arab league in 1979 highlight the end of Egypts quest in uniting Arabic nations. The lack of efficiency of Pan-Arab institutions was another factor in the failure of the movement. In an anarchic system whereby states have no one to report to, there was no way in ensuring that Arabic states would adhere to Pan-Arab friendly practices. One OF the first institutions to be set up in order to promote Arabism was the United Arab Republic (UAR), established in 1958, which included Syria and Egypt. However the institution only lasted until 1961 as Syria pull out of the initiative due to Nassers want to dominate both countries. In 1963 the new UAR was set up, this time including Iraq as well AS Egypt and Syria, and including an entirely federal system where by each state was able to keep its identity. The institution lasted longer than its predecessor had, but again was abolished in 1971 due to the differences between Syria and Egypt. Gamal Abdell Nasser, the Egyptian President, had been a key figure in the push for unity among Arab states. Soon after his assumption of power in 1956, becoming the second president of Egypt, Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal, and at the same time denounced Western influence in the Arab world. This created a strong feeling of support throughout the Arab world for Nasser, and the way in which he dealt with the repercussions of the British and French powers consolidated his position as the face of Arabism. From this point on Nasser would attempt to unify Arabs throughout the region although often he was seen as overbearing, one example NO BEING NEEDED/being mentioned above whereby the early break up of the UAR was caused through his domination of Syrias government and consequently Syrias decision to leave the institution. The death of Egypts second president on the 28th of September 1970 is often seen as the final nail in the coffin for Arabism, after the devastating results of the 1967 war. It meant that there was no leader to which Arabs could aspire and turn to in the name of Arabism and as a result meant there was nothing holding the fort in preventing the movement NO INTO NEEDED/into dissolving into something of the past. There is conclusive evidence that Nassers death was in fact the end of Arabism. By the mid-1970s the idea of Arab unity became less and less apparent in Arab politics (The Continuum Political Encyclopaedia of the Middle east). Nassers death also clinched the end of Egypt as the leading state of Arabism. Anwar Al Sadat, Nassers successor, revived an Egyptian orientation, unequivocally asserting that only Egypt and Egyptians were his responsibility. Ultimately the death of Nasser led to the Arab world losing its leader in the quest of uniting its peoples.

Stephen Crane and His Unique Choice of Subjects :: essays research papers

Stephen Crane   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stephen Crane was born on November 1, 1871 in New Jersey. Crane became a writer at the age of twenty-one and died of tuberculosis at the age of twenty-eight. Crane’s sister, Agnes, raised him and tutored him. She eventually became a schoolteacher. His parents were very religious and his father had an essay published in an 1869 issue of Popular Amusements. Crane â€Å"felt himself unworthy of his father because he fell short of his father’s moral principles and his nobility of spiritual outlook.†He studied poverty, war, and life and death struggle. â€Å"Crane united from the beginning an iron self-assurance with a deep shyness.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"The Red Badge of Courage† Crane describes the characters in depth. He chose a significant event in Americas history and wrote about it. During the Civil War while a Union regiment is based along a river, a tall soldier named Jim Conklin spreads a rumor that the army will march within a day. A new recruit, Henry Fleming, feels that if he were to see battle he would run like a coward. When the regiment marches they meet up with the enemy but Henry is unable to flee because he is surrounded. The Union regiment stops the charge of the Confederate. The next day the Confederates charge again and this time Henry is able to flee from the scene. Later he meets up with a group of wounded soldiers walking down the road and he believes that a wound is like â€Å"a red badge of courage†. He meets a soldier with extremely deep wounds and then recognizes that it is Jim Conklin. While they are walking down the road Jim Conklin runs off behind the bushes and dies where the other soldiers can not see him. Henry wanders through the forest alone until he comes to a battlefield. He attempts to stop one of the soldiers to ask what is going on but he gets hit in the head with the soldier’s rifle. Another soldier takes Fleming back to his regiment’s camp. His friend Wilson cares for him because he thinks that Fleming has been shot in the head. The next day the regiment goes back to the battlefield and this time Henry stays and fights in Jim Conklin’s honor. Wilson and Henry overhear an officer making fun of their regiment’s style of fighting so they go out to prove him wrong.

Family system thesis Essay

INTRODUCTION Not all children grow from infancy through their adolescent years without experiencing some bumps along the way. While every child is unique and special, sometimes they encounter emotions, feelings or behavior that cause problems in their lives and the lives of those around them. Parents often worry when their teens have difficulty coping with their things, emotions, get involved with alcohol, drugs, or cannot get along with members of the family or people of their own age bracket. A parent’s relationship and nurturing role with a young person continues to be important, although the relationship have to be flexible to adapt to the teenager’s changing needs. At this time, there is a need for gradual change from a more authoritative approach to a more collaborative approach. Parents have to face the reality that their child is no longer a child, is becoming independent, and is no longer within their control. They may feel distressed as they perceive that the young person won’t listen to them, or does the opposite of what they may suggest. They may have to watch their young person disregard the things they thought they taught them were important, such as ways to look after their health, or their future goals. Parents have to learn to ‘let go’, not of the relationship, but of their dreams for the young person, and their authority over the young people, so that they may allow a young person to develop his/herown dreams and greater self-responsibility. Adolescent maturation is a personal phase of development where children have to establish their own beliefs, values, and what they want to accomplish out of life. Because adolescents constantly and realistically appraise themselves, they are often characterized as being extremely self-conscious. However, the self-evaluation process leads to the beginning of long-range goal setting, emotional and social independence, and the making of a mature adult. According to Erik Erickson’s Pyschosocial Development, on the fifth stage, which is Identity vs Role Confusion, the child struggles to find his or her identity in social interactions with friends and family. When he/she reaches the ages of fourteen and fifteen, also adolescent strives to loosen his/her ties from his/her parents and emotions and intellectual capacities also increase. Adolescents begin to consider their futures and decide on careers. During this stage they face the conflict of identity versus role confusion. If the adolescent formulates a satisfying plan of action about his/her future, then the outcome is positive and establishment of identity is achieved. Adolescents who do not develop this sense of identity may develop role confusion and aimlessly move through life without any plan of action or sense of security about their future. Adolescents need to make use of their newly acquired skills of logical thinking and ability to make judgments rationally. The adolescent becomes adventuresome, and experiments with different ideas. This plays an important role in finding one’s relations to oneself, groups, and opposite sex. During this time, the adolescent battles over his own set of values versus the set established by parents and other adult figures. The adolescent also begins to take on more control of educational and vocational pursuits and advantages. It is during this time that adolescents’ self-dependence and a sense of responsibility become apparent, along with their quest to contribute to society and find their place in it. This study on the effect of family system to the psychosocial development of adolescent is vital as a period of growth in which identity formation is addressed. This can be interpreted to mean that the role of family is lessening or that family has only a limited role in the lives of young people at this time. Research shows, however, that ongoing positive family connections are protective factors against a range of health risk behaviors. Although the nature of relationships is changing, the continuity of family connections and a secure emotional base is crucial for the positive development of young people. The study on the effect of family system to the psychosocial development of adolescent demonstrates the importance of the family role in helping children establish their identity upon reaching adolescence. This study made use of the of the Family System Theory which consists the family structure, family interactions, and family functions and Eriksons’ Psychosocial Development Theory. Through this theory, this study have been very effective in identifying the effect of family system to the psychosocial development of adolescents. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY â€Å"Family members are profoundly affecting each other’s thoughts, feelings, and actions that it often seems as if people are living under the same â€Å"emotional skin.†- (One Family’s Story by Murray Bowen) The Laboratory High School of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines was first known as the Philippine College of Commerce Laboratory High School in 1955 which tends to offer a curriculum in secondary level that will affiliate to the rising technical developments during that time of the cyber age. Laboratory High Schools or demonstration schools are elementary or secondary school operated in association with a university, college, or other teacher education institution and used for the training of future teachers, educational experimentation, educational research, and professional development. Students in the secondary level are expected to be more matured than they were in their elementary days. The Laboratory High School (LHS) aims to practice the discipline, the academic excellence, the nationalism, and the commerce among their students. Philippine School of Commerce was converted through the Republic Act 779 into the Philippine College of Commerce which offered the 4-year Bachelor of Science in Business Education, an academic development that made imperative the establishment of a secondary school where senior Bachelor of Science in Business Education students could observe and practice-teach. There were only eight pioneer teachers when the laboratory high school opened in 1955. Listed in the roster were Virginia Aldana, Purificacion Cecilio, Ruth David, Norma Diamante, Fulcida Eligado, Luz Gonzales, and Gloria Talastas. They were soon joined by 18 new recruits: Natividad Agana, Lydia Camit, Racquel Bernardo, Elsie Borja, Carolina Calderon, Fermin Cruz, Rosalina de Lara, Ernesto Dumlao, Luisa de Lara, Soledad London, Celia Rejuso, Julie del Rosario, Tomas San Pedro, Elena Sta. Ana, Francisco Santos, Victoria Tanjutco, Carmen Tupas, and Lydia Villa. Serving at the helm of the school was a succession of able and competent principals: Apolinaria Seva, Brigido Sadsad, Gloria Talastas, Angelina Manapat, Rosario Battung, Josefina Tan, Rosa Guirao, Fe Salting, Charito Montemayor, Liceria Lorenzo, Carmencita L. Castolo, and the incumbent Corazon C. Tahil. The trek to computerization began when Prof. Charito A. Montemayor initiated the computerized enrolment. Ably helping her was an alumnus of the LHS, Prof. Angelito Pastrana who was connected with the PUPILS, a group of IT specialists tasked to handle the computerization projects of the University. Dr. Liceria Lorenzo continued what her predecessor started. During her term, report cards were also computerized. The LHS observed its Golden Anniversary with aplomb. The big event involving the alumni, faculty (including the retirees), and administrators was competently supervised by Dr. Lorenzo. The original Laboratory School run by John Dewey at the University of Chicago in 1938 is now what most laboratory schools follow as the model of experiential education based. John Dewey originally wrote about the benefits of experiential education in 1938, explaining, â€Å"There is an intimate and necessary relation between the processes of actual experience and education.†(Dewey, J., Experience and education. p. 7) Dewey suggested that each student’s experience will be individualized based on past experiences, and not all students will take away the same outlook of the concept. Thus, the experiential learning classroom mimics society, where all people have different views of topics and information. Dewey asserts that not all experiences â€Å"are genuinely or equally educative† (Dewey, J., Experience and education. p. 13) and suggests that in progressive education, the quality of the experience is essential. Dewey also maintains that in order for education to be progressive, there must be a solid philosophy that privileges experiences that are â€Å"fruitful and creative† and that enhance subsequent learning experiences. â€Å"It is human to have a long childhood; it is civilized to have an even longer childhood. Long childhood makes a technical and mental virtuoso out of man, but it also leaves a life-long residue of emotional immaturity in him.† – Erik Homburger Erikson (1902-1994) According to Erik Erickson adolescence ranges from 12-18 years old. Teens during this time need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Teens during this time are in their secondary level of education (Arlene F. Harder. The Developmental Stages of Erik Erikson). Success to this stage will lead to an ability to stay true to oneself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self-reliance. Social relationship during this time is one of the most important events in this stage. The first social environment of an individual is within his family. Therefore, whatever a child may acquire to his family will be his basis in facing off the society. But individuals during this time are more expose to school environment than to family environment, which means that superior parental guidance should be exercise. Transition from childhood to adulthood may confuse or insecure them about how they will fit into the society. As they seek to establish a sense of self, teens may experiment with different roles, activities and behaviors. According to Erikson, this is important to the process of forming a strong identity and developing a sense of direction in life. The family should be the one who supports their adolescent child throughout the whole period of transition. This particular study attempt to determine the effect of family system to the psychosocial development of the 4th year students in Polytechnic University of the Philippines Laboratory High School year 2012-2013 Figure 1.1 Vicinity map shows the vicinity map where the study is conducted. Figure 1.2 Vicinity map shows the Laboratory High School, Polytechnic University of the Philippines where the area where the research was conducted. Figure 3. The Family System Theory THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Bowen’s Family System Theory These assumptions are diagramed in figure 1. The components and their relationship to the whole system are as follows: 1. Family structure consists of the descriptive characteristics of the family. This includes the nature of its membership and its cultural and ideological style. These characteristics are the input into the interactional system. In this study, the family structure used is the structure according to authority which is the: 2. Family interaction is the hub of the system. It is the process of interaction among family members that determines the rules by which the family is governed. This is the family’s level of cohesion, its adaptability, and its communication style. Finally, these interactions work together to serve individual members and collective family needs. 3. Family function is the output of the interactional system. Utilizing the resources available through its structure (input), the family interacts to produce responses that fulfill its needs. This is the relationship of the family. 4. The family life cycle introduces the element of change into the family system. As the family moves through time, developmental and non-developmental changes alter the family structure and/or the family’s needs. The family life cycle in this study includes the Accepting Adolescence, or the stage of adolescence, this includes the developmental changes of the individual as change increases. Particularly this includes: a. Deal with emerging sexual identity of child. b. Accept increasing influence of peer group. c. Promote differentiation and autonomy of child. According to Dr. Bowens in his Family System Theory or the Bowen Theory views the families as living organisms and stresses boundaries, rules, expectations, and behaviors that help the family maintain equilibrium. Bowen family systems theory is a theory of human behavior that views the family as an emotional unit and uses systems thinking to describe the complex interactions in the unit. It is the nature of a family that its members are intensely connected and family members so profoundly affect each other’s thoughts, feelings, and actions and relationships. Erik Erickson Psychosocial Development (Stage 5 Identity vs. Role Confusion) The eight-stage theory has a definite age span for each social stages, and in this study that focused on the student ages 14-16 years of age, which belong to the fifth stage of Psychosocial development, the Identity vs. Role Confusion stated that during this stage of development the child struggle to find his or her identity and the social interactions with friends and family. The child acquires self-certainty as opposed to self-consciousness and self-doubt and is newly concerned with how they appear in front of other people. Adolescents may experiment with different roles, activities, and behaviors. According to Erikson, this is important to the process of forming a strong identity and developing a sense of direction in life but there is possible identity disturbance on the part of the child, changes on the social relationship primarily on the peer group and family, emphasis on the peer preferences and social interactions. These are the following psychosocial changes undergone by the Adolescents during the fifth stage of Psychosocial Development according to Erik Erickson: a. Independence: Children are becoming more independent, and begin to look at the future in terms of career, relationships, families, and housing. b. Family and Friends Relationships: Adolescence is often a time when the values and behaviors of young people are said to become increasingly distant and detached from those of their parents and other adults. Generational Stake: Adolescents have a stake in believing that their parents are limited, old-fashioned, and out of touch. This divergence happens with good reason; a Adolescents do need to break free from their parents to find their own way. Peer Relationship Relations with peers are vital to the transition from childhood to adulthood. There are four special, constructive functions performed by peer relationships: Pubertal self-help – Adolescents find friends where they can adapt the consecutive changes happening to their development and physical changes in their body. Social support – Adolescents seeks protection against and confusion at their age level experiencing the same developmental changes from childhood to adulthood Identity formation – Adolescents’ tend to have friends that would be having the same characteristics that would mirror and clarify his or her Identity. c. Exploration of Identity: Explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity. The goal of many teens is to establish an identity. Identity Achievement: Erickson’s term for attainment of identity-ideally established by reconsidering the goals and values set by the parents and culture, then accepting some and rejecting others. Three specific aspects areas of identity achievement follow in this study: 1. Ethnic (Cultural) 2. Gender 3. Group CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Specifically, the research will answer the following questions in this study: HYPOTHESIS The following null hypotheses were tested in this study. There is no significant relationship between: 1. There is no significant relationship between the Family System and the Psychosocial Development of the respondents. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Research indicates that the development of a child’s behavior is strongly influenced by how well his or her family functions. It is during this time that children are dependent upon adults to meet their needs that their concept of the importance of family develops. The purpose of the study is to determine the extent of awareness of family influences on the well-being of a child. The research aims to know how the members of the family affect each others thoughts, feelings, and actions; how they interact with other people and how they function as a family. This paper will provide explanations of high school student’s behavior and emotionality when it comes to their families and peers. The survey instrument used in this study requested demographic data. Research limitations/implications – Research, teaching and practice must be conducted with the recognition of the family system relative to the student’s progress in the school. Social implications – Recognizing the family system for its unique social contributions will have impact on future research, teaching, and practice. Originality/value – This review of previous research offers researchers a broader and comprehensive view of the family system, and their respective interactions. Researchers, educators, and practitioners will benefit from this paper. To the Parents, this research will aim to help the family develop a much broader understanding of the child. It will also give benefits on how to guide the child on their crucial stages in life. To the Teachers, this research will be of help for giving the child a much clearer view of his surroundings. It will surely help teachers in nurturing or developing a child’s personality or behavior inside the classroom. In understanding the current developmental changes the students are undergoing, the teacher will have a clearer view of the nature of his students. To the future researchers. The research of the study will hopefully become the guidelines of the future researchers that will provide them the data and information related to their present future research work. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS This study is limited only to Laboratory High School Student of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Mabini Campus at Sta. Mesa Manila during the academic year 2012-2013. The well-known psychologist, Eric Erikson, said that adolescence needs help to cope with their struggles to know who they are, what they are and what they will become if they are to establish a clear sense of identity. This study will help students of same age and educational attainment to determine the role of their family into their lives and their psychosocial factors determining identity and relationships as they go through their adolescent years. Determining the factors of family system to the psychosocial development of the students is the focus of this research. The information needed will be gathered using the survey questionnaire. All information and conclusion drawn from this study were obtained only to this particular group of students. DEFINITION OF TERMS Authoritative approach Best form of classroom management style, it is the one most closely associated with appropriate student behaviors. Authority:The power to determine, adjudicate, or otherwise settle issues or disputes; jurisdiction; the right to control, command, or determine. Bumps: To demote, promote or dismiss Collaborative approach:A situation in which to or more people learn or attempt to learn something together. Demographic data:Relating to the dynamic balance of population especially with regard to density and capacity for expansion or decline. Distressed: Suffering from anxiety, sorrow or pain Experiential Education:A philosophy of education that describes the process that occurs between a teacher and a student that infuses direct experiences with the learning environment and content. Family System Theory:Suggest that individuals cannot be understood in isolation from one another, but rather as a part of their family, as the family is an emotional unit. Gradual change:Process occurs in small stages over a long period of time, rather than suddenly. Ideology:A set of doctrines or beliefs that form the basis of a political economic or other system. International System: A complete, coherent system of units used for scientific work, in which fundamental quantities are length, time, electric current, temperature, luminous intensity, amount of substance and mass. IT Specialist:Specialist typically focus on a specific computer network, database or system administration function. Lessening: To reduce in size, extent or degree. Predecessor:One that precedes; especially: a person who has previously occupied a position or office to which another has succeeded. Progressive Education:A reaction against the traditional style of teaching which teaches facts largely at the expense of understanding what is being taught. Psychosocial Development: How a person’s mind, emotions, and maturity level develop throughout the course of their lifetime. Self-Evaluation:A process in which an individual rates the quality of his or her own work. Technical Development:Application of knowledge to the practical aims of human life or to changing and manipulating the human environment. Vital:Fundamentally concerned with or affecting life or living beings: as (1) : tending to renew or refresh the living invigorating (2) : destructive to life: mortal Virtuoso:A person who has special knowledge or skill in a field. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE FOREIGN LITERATURE According to Gavazzi and Sabatelli (2003) the measures of family system patterns of interaction and the individuation process were examined as mediators of psychosocial development in a sample of college students. Included is an initial exploration into the construction and development of self-report, paper-and-pencil instruments designed to measure the two exceedingly complex constructs of differentiation and individuation. Indicators of family conflict, parental intrusiveness, and psychological interconnectedness were found to be significant predictors of psychosocial maturity, supporting the theoretical expectation that distance regulation patterns indicative of well differentiated families and age-appropriate manifestations of the individuation process would be independently and interactively related to psychosocial adaptation. Also, the exploration of gender-related differences revealed that males were significantly more financially and psychologically independent from family members than were females but did not differ on any of the other family system and individual variables explored. According to Martire and Schulz (2000) Interactions with close family members have consequences for the emotional and physical well-being of individuals who are dealing with a chronic physical illness. Therefore, inclusion of a close family member in psychosocial interventions for chronic illnesses is a logical treatment approach that has the potential to boost the effects of intervention on the patient and also beneï ¬ t the family member. However, randomized, controlled studies indicate that such family-oriented interventions generally have small effects. The efficacy of these treatment approachesmight be enhanced by targeting specific interactions that emerging research identifies as promoting or derailing healthy behaviors and by better incorporating strategies from family caregiver interventions. In addition, family oriented interventions should be more fully evaluated, by assessing the benefits for both patients and family members. Future research in this area can tell us much about how and when to involve family in treatment of specific chronic illnesses and, in turn, may inform conceptual models of the impact of family interactions on health. Psychosocial or behavioral interventions for chronic illness, such as patient education, support groups, and cognitive behavioral therapies, have been shown to have effects on health and emotional well-being that surpass improvements attained with usual medical care alone (i.e., medication or surgery). Because of the links between family relationships and chronic illness management, some researchers have incorporated a close family member such as the spouse in these interventions. The rationale for involving a family member in treatment can be found in the bio psychosocial model of health and illness and specific marital and family-systems frameworks. These conceptual models and frameworks have been supported by empirical evidence showing that close social relationships, especially the marital relationship, affect biological systems, health behaviors, and psychological well-being. In the book of Jossey Bass; â€Å"The health of adolescents: Undertaking and facilitating biological, bahavioral and social development.†(1992) On the third chapter of the book there discussed the psychosocial changes in the development of an adolescent. It is included the Psychosocial Development of the Adolescent, during the entire process of maturation and separation-individuation, the adolescent has a personal set of task to be accomplished in the service of identity formation. During early adolescence, the intensity and exclusivity of earlier attachments to the parents begin to give away. At a time of increased urges and physiological readiness for erotic aggressive action, closeness to family members can be quite threatening. While an expanded peer life and increased social activities facilitate distancing. In the book titled; â€Å"Influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of early adolescence† by Diana Baumrind suggested the convincing links between parenting styles and the effects these styles have on children that the majority of parents display one of three different parenting styles. There are four kinds of parenting. First is the Authoritarian parenting; In this style of parenting, children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow such rules usually results in punishment. Authoritarian parents fail to explain the reasoning behind these rules. These parents have high demands, but are not responsive to their children. According to Baumrind, these parents â€Å"are obedience- and status-oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation.† Second is the Authoritative Parenting; like authoritarian parents, those with an authoritative parenting style establish rules and guidelines that their children are expected to follow. However, this parenting style is much more democratic. Authoritative parents are responsive to their children and willing to listen to questions. When children fail to meet the expectations, these parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than punishing. Baumrind suggests that these parents â€Å"monitor and impart clear standards for their children’s conduct. They are assertive, but not intrusive and restrictive. Their disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than punitive. They want their children to be assertive as well as socially responsible, and self-regulated as well as cooperative† Third is the Permissive Parenting; Permissive parents, sometimes referred to as indulgent parents, have very few demands to make of their children. These parents rarely discipline their children because they have relatively low expectations of maturity and self-control. According to Baumrind, permissive parents â€Å"are more responsive than they are demanding. They are nontraditional and lenient, do not require mature behavior, allow considerable self-regulation, and avoid confrontation† (1991). Permissive parents are generally nurturing and communicative with their children, often taking on the status of a friend more than that of a parent. Lastly is the Uninvolved Parenting; an uninvolved parenting style is characterized by few demands, low responsiveness and little communication. While these parents fulfill the child’s basic needs, they are generally detached from their child’s life. In extreme cases, these parents may even reject or neglect the needs of their children. In the book titled; â€Å"Child Development. 8th ed. United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc.† By Berk Laura stated that Child development that occurs from birth to adulthood was largely ignored throughout much of history. Children were often viewed simply as small versions of adults and little attention was paid to the many advances in cognitive abilities, language usage, and physical growth that occurs during childhood and adolescence. An understanding of child development is essential, allowing us to fully appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social and educational growth that children go through from birth and into early adulthood. Some of the major theories of child development are known as grand theories; they attempt to describe every aspect of development, often using a stage approach. Others are known as mini-theories; they instead focus only on a fairly limited aspect of development, such as cognitive or social growth. Theorist Erik Erikson also proposed a stage theory of development, but his theory encompassed human growth throughout the entire human lifespan. Erikson believed that each stage of development was focused on overcoming a conflict. For example, the primary conflict during the adolescent period involves establishing a sense of personal identity. Success or failure in dealing with the conflicts at each stage can impact overall functioning. During the adolescent stage, for example, failure to develop an identity results in role confusion. Learn more about this theory in this article on Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. LOCAL LITERATURE As further discussed in the book, Family: The Seat of Education, the home is the natural school for the child. Because it is the parents who brought their children to the world, it is the natural right and duty of the parents to provide their children with good education so that they may achieve the purpose for which they were created. The home is the best school and the parents are the best teacher for their children. Because of the necessity of education in the home, it is important that the parents realize how grave her obligation is, and not to neglect it or perform it with indifference. It is said that â€Å"the mother’s heart is the child’s schoolroom.† Napoleon is said to have exclaimed that: â€Å"The future destiny of the child is always the work of the mother.† The Filipino Family: a spectrum of Views and Issues, Perez (1995) wrote that: The family is still the basic building-block of Philippine society. No less than the Constitution of the Republic has expressed this. The family provides the average Filipino with a stable reservoir of emotional security and support. Children are expected to seek parental advised and guidance on matters that deal with their future. If a child is born the eldest, he behaves and interacts with his parents and siblings in the capacity and not in any other way, insofar as son-parent and other older-younger sibling relationship are concerned. According to Ms. Vicky Cantada (2002), a Center for Family Ministries (CeFam) counselor, the development of emotional quotient of children depends on how emotionally intelligent their parents oare. â€Å"You cannot teach a child to be emphatic if the mother or father themselves do not have empathy.† She also cited elements for good parenting: Focus Time and Effort. Children can easily pick up feelings and moods, whether they are of low or high intelligence and it depends upon the parents on how they will be able to become role models to their children. However, it does not follow that if a child has a high IQ she will have a high EQ or vice versa. There are other factors that lead to a child’s IQ and EQ. Ms. Cantada discussed the five hallmarks of emotional intelligence and it consists of the responsibilities of the parents in instilling to their children the self-awareness, managing emotions, self-maturation empathy, and managing relationships. Parents should be emotionally intelligent themselves, for them to teach how to become one to their children. For if not, the children will grow up as emotionally immature as their parents were.It emphasized the role of parents in the emotional growth of their children. Parenting styles thus, will come in clearly, as to how their styles will be effective in raising emotionally intelligent children. In the book titled; â€Å"Sociology, Culture and Family Planning (A Conceptual, Experiential and Interactive Approach) by Wilfredo R. San Juan el al. in Chapter 21 of his book that humankind’s most basic and oldest social unit is the family.. It is a social institution primarily established by society to ensure its continuity and to regulate the sexual behavior of its members, since the infant is born helpless and dependent; the family has been socially constructed to insure that there will be adult members who will look after the infant’s biological and emotional nurturance and safety. The family is the primary group where the child is initially socialized and initiated in the ways of life of his group. The family provides the child’s social, psychological, and emotional needs – warmth, intimacy, affection, nurturance, care and security. Thus, the family has been called the â€Å"then nursery of human nature.† Delicate and fragile as he is, so that he is better equipped with knowledge and adaptive skills before he is â€Å"transplanted† to the more or less inhospitable forces of the bigger society. Mona Gonzales (1995) shared â€Å"Our words carry enormous power and in dealing with our children it is necessary that we separate what’s helpful from what’s harmful. Contrary to the maxim that a parent should always be consistent, especially in disciplining their child, they say it is all right to change your mind and live more in terms of your genuine feelings of the moment. Contrary to the belief that parents know what’s best for their children, it is all right to let a child make his own decisions however tedious the process may seem. For you are preparing him for future independence. Contrary to the notion that if a child expresses strong emotions, we must tone the down they say we can acknowledge his feelings and in that way give him strength and health. The disciplinarian feels nothing is wrong with telling a child he is a liar, dumb or lazy, if what he says is the truth. This, they believe would help the child improve himself. But a child’s improvement is based on treating him as if he is already what he’s capable of becoming. Basically children are mirror images of us. Have you ever observed your three-year-old playing with her dolls? Chances are she imitates things you tell her and what you do for her. Treat your child rudely and with disrespect and she will grow up to be a spoiled brat- a smaller version of everything she picked up from you. Remember that there is such a thing as undisciplined discipline. But treat her with love and respect for her own humanity and individuality, and you will have contributed to this world a humane and strong person- a cathedral in a world of condominiums.† Since parenting has no course or degree to get enrolled to or a clear enumeration of its effects, Mr. Jaie Ferrer (2000), pointed out in his article, that, parents use a variety of techniques when it come to dealing with their children. These diverse styles have varied effects on children. Despite the differences, the general rule is for the parent to strike a balance between discipline and openness. The combination of both parental control (how restrictive parents are of their children) and parental warmth (the amount of affection and encouragement parents show them) greatly affects a child’s personality-her social competence, concept of self, level of aggression and internalization of moral values. In his book titled; â€Å"The Filipino Family by Medina T.G. According to Medina (2001), the family is a familiar topic but there is a need to step back & study it in critical & scientific lenses as personal experiences alone could be very limited & may not be representative of other families in the society. The family have certain characteristics: As a social group, it is universal. It is a significant element in man’s social life. Nowadays, changes in the family (e.g. from traditional structure to non-traditional structure as will be discussed later) are happening brought about by the changing economic climate & technological advancements but it has remained a basic institution. It is the first social group to which an individual is exposed. Family relationships last along & an â€Å"individual’s earliest & longest experience in living takes place in a family setting.† â€Å"The family affects the individual’s social values, disposition, & outlook in life. The family is thesource of the individual’s ideals, aspirations, & basic motivations.† The family is said to be the link between an individual & the larger society. In this way we can say that a person’s interaction &/or attitude inside the family unit affects or is a determinant in how that person interacts in the community that his family belongs. Logically, from the assertion above, the family is understood to provide continuity of social life.It is a major agent in the transmission of culture which also affects &/or reflects the culture of the society especially the individual. LOCAL STUDIES In the study titled; â€Å"Parenting Practices That Help Promote The Development Of Positive Social Behavior Among Preschool Children Wthin The family.† by an MA Psychologist Maria Perlita Embuscao De Leon of the College of Psychology of the University of the Philippines. The research used data from fifteen 2-parent families residing in a community located in Dalandan, Valenzuela City, with at least two children and one of whom is between the ages 3 to 6 years. There were also certain socialization patterns within the family system that may either promote or hamper the development of the social behaviors among the preschool children. The particular focus of the research include from (1) to identify the behaviors which parents define as prosaically, to explore the parent’s perception about their roles, influences, and parenting practices in teaching social behavior to their preschool children, to discuss socialization patterns within the family that help promote the development of positive social behavior among preschool children and to determine ideas, options, and feelings of the preschool children in the manner by which they are being disciplined and taught positive social behaviors. The research utilized a classic minuets no graphic approach which allowed for a 6-month home visit. Finally, face-to-face interviews were also conducted with the parents of those families. The finding of the research suggest that the local concept that is best related to social behaviot is â€Å"mabuting asal† which is also an umbrella term that covers not only prosocial attitudes, but also other positive social bahaviors such as having love of God, having integrity, being responsible, and studying well. The parents also believe that children are naturally naive, passive, forgetful, thus their primary role in developing prosocial bavior to their childrn is to teach them proper rules of behavior, to model to their young ones what proer behaviors are, and to remind them constantly of what to do and what not to do. The findings further suggest that the microystem of the home, specifically the parent’s own influence to their childrn, is believed to be the environment which best promotes the development of positive social behavior among young children. There were also identified elements in the microsystem of the neighborhood which both facilitat and inhibit the development of proper social conduct. In the research titled â€Å"The Effect of Family size on Parenting Behavior and Child Development† by Rachel Ann Rosales Parr the study pointed concerns in investigating th relationship between the varialble family size or the numvber of the members of the family and the level of development of a child living in a local setting where the family incom is on or below the poverty treshold. The study looked into â€Å"parental bahavior† as a posssible moderating variable in the relationship between family size and child development. This study shows that that a larger family could imply more children competing for parental time and resources (which are assumed to be scarce); thus adversely affecting the level of development of a child. Studies also exist suggesting a negative correlation between childrens’s intelligence are not necessary at-risk for developmenta set-backs. In the study titled; â€Å"Family and Peer Influence on Adjustment among Chinese, Filipino and White Youth† by an associate Professor named Mayumi Anne Willgerodt. The study focused on the issue of the parent adolescent relationship. Little is known about the influence of parent-adolescent relationships and peer behavior on emotional distress and risky behaviors among Asian American adolescents; in particular, cross-cultural and longitudinal examinations are missing from the extant research. The objective of the study is to test and compare a theoretic model examining the influence of family and peer factors on adolescent distress and risky behavior over time, using a nationally representative sample of Chinese, Filipino, and White adolescents. Data was utilized from Waves I (1994) and II (1995) of the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health; the sample comprised 194 Chinese, 345 Filipino and 395 White adolescents and weighted to correct for design effects, yielding a nationally representative sample. Structural equation modeling was used to test the theoretic model for each ethnic group separately, followed by multiple group analyses. The result of the study gained useful and quality informations. The measurement model was examined for each ethnic group, using both unweighted and weighted samples and were deemed equivalent across groups. Tests of the theoretic model by ethnicity revealed that for each group, family bonds have significant negative effects on emotional distress and risky behaviors. For Filipino and White youth, peer risky behaviors influenced risky behaviors. Multiple group analyses of the theoretic model indicated that the three ethnic groups did not differ significantly from one another. Findings suggest that family bonds and peer behavior exert significant influences on psychological and behavioral outcomes in Asian American youth and that these influences appear to be similar with White adolescents. Future research should be directed towards incorporating variables known to contribute to the impact of distress and risky behaviors in model testing, and validating findings from this study. In the study title, â€Å"Family Resilience and Filipino Immigrant families: Navigating the adolescence life-stage conducted by Jacqueline de Guzman, the study investigated the cultural family contexts of Filipino Immigrants families and their experiences of challenges related to adolescent development. The systems theory of family resiliency served as a framework to interpret how Filipino mothers experiences and navigated these challenges. Using qualitative approach, 20 Filipino mothers of adolescents between the ages of 13-19 years were interviewed, investigating their experiences of challenges related to adolescent development and the strategies used to overcome these challenges. Discussions of these topics correspond with the systems of theory of family resilience. Overall, the implications of the study reinforce the usefulness of resilience-oriented paradigm to understand how immigrant families mobilize cultural resources during difficult challenges to foster family empowerment and strengthen family relations. FOREIGN STUDIES In the study on Rebecca Ann Branton of the Roehampton University titled â€Å"How old: Looking at young children’s development.†, This case study relates to academic literacy in the following ways understand the expectations and requirements of the study of childhood (including the need to recognize and apply different perspectives) recognize and articulate theoretical expectations, models and requirements and apply them to the study of childhood. Develop skills in critical listening, reading and analysis of text and data, the development of argument and the communication of text, data and analysis in written and spoken form develop the capacity for intellectual enquiry and critical autonomy which enables students to form their own views and locate themselves within the range of perspectives and practices encountered in the study of childhood. This study tried to achieved the activities in which in doing this activity with students, this study is trying to achieve a number of things: To highlight students’ awareness of the parts played by social and cultural experiences, both for children’s development, and for the ways in which their own values and beliefs have been influenced by their cultural backgrounds and experiences. To support students’ understanding that published guides to development, such as Sheridan (1997) can only give a broad indication, and may be unhelpful if, as Arnold (1999:34)* suggests, ‘There can be a tendency, when considering norms to see them as outcomes to be achieved’ and as judgements of a particular child. To highlight the idea that children’s development is not smooth or orderly, and each child does not make progress like climbing the rungs of a ladder. To support a view of young children as competent, skilful and very complex. To focus on what young children can do rather than on what they can’t. To support the first-hand experience element of the module, by encouraging students to focus on what they actually see rather than on norms of behaviour against which they map children’s achievements. In a recent study of Kenneth G. Langone titled; â€Å"A Family Systems Perspective† of the Foreign Study from the School of Medicine of the New York University. This study is focused on family systems perspective which reflects a shift in our understanding of human behavior. This shift is from a search for a single cause or chain of causes within an individual resulting in a behavior, to understanding the behavior as having multiple causes. Behavior both shapes and is shaped by the context in which it occurs. Family therapists do see behavior as reflecting the individual child’s internal makeup, including genetic factors. These are constantly influenced by the child’s experiences in the environment and the major systems or ecology, in which he lives, (for most children the family and school). But family therapists also see children’s behavior as influencing the way that the environment responds to them, in turn influencing the children’s response. Family systems therapists believe that these patterns of mutual influence can be repetitive from generation to generation and can generalize to different settings because people tend to re-enact family patterns. Families influence their children’s development in many areas – their cognitive and academic skills, speech and language ability, behavior and social competence. Families also have an opportunity to help with the additional challenges faced by children with emotional and behavioral difficulties. Family-oriented therapy, whether used as the primary treatment or in combination with other treatments, such as medication, behavioral management programs, cognitive behavior therapy, educational assistance, and other modalities, has been successful in treating a range of emotional, behavioral, academic and psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Family therapy enables families to recognize how the entire family is impacted when a child has a problem. By facilitating a climate of family support and education, family therapy helps family members understand interrelated problems, communicate more effectively with each other, and work cooperatively to generate strategies to help the child. In this issue of the NYU Child Study Center Letter, the authors describe a family systems perspective for understanding the interaction of mutual influences on sustaining family patterns, the contributions of nature and nurture in problem formation, and the ways in which family therapists work to engage the family as a team for problem solving. In the study titled; â€Å"The psychosocial adjustment of maltreated children: Methodological limitations and guidelines for future research† by Vivian Shaw Lamphear, M.A. Several empirical studies on the impact of maltreatment on children’s psychosocial adjustment were recently reviewed in this journal [1]. Following a brief overview of the findings from that article, the present paper summarizes the methodological limitations of the studies reviewed and discusses guidelines for future research in this area. In order to advance knowledge of child maltreatment squeal, we suggest future studies should include the following: (1) precise operational definitions of maltreatment; (2) adequate verification of the absence of maltreatment in the control groups: (3) identification and control of maltreatment covariates; and (4) consideration of subjects’ age in group assignment. Future investigations should also employ more longitudinal research designs and give more attention to the treatment needs of the child. The study â€Å"The impact of family and peer differentiation levels on adolescent psychosocial development and problematic behaviors† by Stephen M. Gavazzi PhD, Dawn E. Goettler MS, Scott P. Solomon MS, Patrick C. McKenry PhD examined the impact of family differentiation and peer differentiation levels on adolescent problematic behaviors and psychosocial maturity. Differentiation levels were assessed dyadic ally in both the family and peer systems. Results revealed family differentiation to be the sole predictor of adolescent problematic behavior. Additional regression analysis indicated that peer differentiation was a significant predictor of psychosocial maturity, along with the significant impact of adolescent gender and age. Family X Peer interaction terms were not significant predictors of either adolescent personal adjustment variable. Results, which display both consistencies and variations with the findings of previous research, are discussed in terms of their clinical implications. In the study titled; â€Å"Perceived family Interactions and Psychosocial Development of Family Members† by Olga PoljÃ… ¡ak Ã…  kraban stated that differences between the parents’ and the adolescent daughters’ perception of family interactions (relating to important qualities of parenting and the family competence) in the period of childhood and adolescence, as well as their connectedness to the psychosocial development of family members (especially adolescent daughters). The research is based on Beavers’ (Beavers & Hampson, 1993) systems model of family functioning and Erikson’s (1980) theory of psychosocial development. The research included two-parent families of female adolescents. The main findings of the research are that daughters and their parents perceive the interactions in the family system differently. The daughters’ evaluations were the lowest, i.e., the most critical. All family members experienced a drop in the quality of interaction during adolescence. In terms of perceiving family interaction, the families became clearly divided on the competence continuum into two groups. Correlations between the family’s competence and the level of the adolescents’ psychosocial development were significant, albeit not high, as were the correlations between the levels of psychosocial development of the parents and the adolescents. Keywords: perceived family interactions, parenting, family competence, psychosocial development, late adolescence. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN The descriptive research method was used in this study, particularly the normative type survey. Descriptive research was used in this study. Descriptive research described the Effect of the Family System to the Psychosocial Development of the 4th years students of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Laboratory High School. In this study, it involved the description, recording, analysis and interpretation of the data. This study focused on the present prevailing conditions of the program and its beneficiaries. As described by Estolas, descriptive research is one that describes or interprets â€Å"What is†. It reveals conditions and relationship that exist or do not exist, practices that prevail or do not prevail, beliefs or points of view or attitudes that held or are not held, processes that are going on or otherwise, effects that are being felt, or trends that are developing. Descriptive research attempts to interpret the present. Estolas added that the purpose of these designs is to â€Å"describe† the status of the events, people or subjects as they exist. Descriptive research usually makes from type of contrast, comparison and sometimes, in carefully planned and orchestrated descriptive researches, cause and effect relationship may be established in some extent. Aquino also describes descriptive method of research as an organized attempt to analyze, interpret, and report the present status of a group. It also includes studies that seek present facts, acts, or condition or any phenomena. THE RESPONDENTS The main respondents of the study entitled â€Å"The Effect of the Family Systems to the Psychosocial Development of the adolescents.† are 4th year students of the Laboratory High School Student of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Mabini Campus during the academic year 2012-2013. Sixty respondents will be chosen by the use of random sampling. POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZE As shown above, the total number of respondents was 75, with 35 Females and 35 Males. THE INSTRUMENT Polytechnic University of the Philippines COLLEGE OF EDUCATION Mabini Campus, Sta. Mesa, Manila Dear Respondents: We, the third Year students of the Bachelor in Business Teacher Education Program of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines will be conducting our research entitled â€Å"The Effects of Family System to the Psychosocial Development of the Senior PUP-LHS SY 2012-2013† We are requesting for your cooperation for the fulfillment of this study. Rest assured that all answers should be treated with confidentiality. Researchers, POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL (PUPLHS) PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENT INSTRUCTION: Rank each statement by checking the column according to the following: 5- ALWAYS 4-OFTEN 3-SOMETIMES 2-SELDOM 1-NEVER (at all times) (frequently) (occasionally) (rarely) (in no means) 1. Are you close with your parents? 2. Do you spend your free time with your family? 3. Do you eat at the same time with your family? 4. Are you close with your siblings? 5. Do you have conversations during meal time with your family? 6. Does your family provide your major expenses? 7. Does your family allow you to go out with your friends 8. Does your family show concern about your problems? 9. Does your family provide rules about time limitations with your friends? 10. Does your family set rules regarding your studies at school? 11. Do you make decisions on your own? 12. Have you make decisions about your career on your own? 13. Do you consult your friends in decision making? 14. Do you ask the permission of your parents about your career in college? 15. Do you ask the view of your parent in terms of choosing your friends? 16. Do you spend more time with your friends rather than your family? 17. Do you want to spend more time at school rather than at home? 18. Do you discuss your problems with your family? 19. Do you consult your physical changes to your friends? 20. Do you spend leisure time with your friends? (hang-out, watch movies, play sports, malling,) 21. Do you spend lunch breaks with your friends? 22. Do you ask your friends for help in school works? 23. Do you share secrets with your friends? 24. Do you have conversation about school matters with your family? 25. Do you have conversation about personal and emotional matters with your friends? 26. Do spend academic group works with your friends? 27. Do you enter the same Academic Clubs with your friends? 28. Do you prefer the same type of clothing of you friends? 29. Do you hang out friends with the same gender? 30. Do have common traits with your friends? 31. Do you have the same language/dialect with your friends? 32. Does your being culturally aware equips you to reach out to the families of your friends? 33. Does understanding your own cultural identity helps you in establishing identity? 34. Do you hang-out with people who are from cultures that are different from yours? 35. Does your understanding of your own culture shapes your sense of who you are, as well as your place in home, school, and society? 36. Do you prefer spending time with girls? 37. Do you prefer spending time with boys? 38. Do you like fashion for teenage women? 39. Do you like doing household chores? 40. Are you interested in cosmetology? 41. Do you like playing sports? 42. Do you like playing online games? (Dota, RAN Online and the like) 43. Do you spend time chatting with your friends online? 44. Are you interested in men’s fashion clothing? 45. Are you interested in industrial arts? (Electricity, Wood working, Automotive, etc.) 46. Do you belong to a certain group? (Circle of friends, group organizations, community organizations, etc.) 47. Do you do the same thing what your groups are doing? 48. In decision making, do you consider your group/circle of friends? 49. Do you share your important secrets to your group? 50. Do you go to recreation areas with your friends? DATA-GATHERING PROCEDURES Through the use of the questionnaire, the data were drawn from 60 number 4th year students of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Laboratory High School. The researchers set an appointment with the students as to the date, time, and place of the survey. Each was asked to answer the list of questions. This research, in order to obtain the desired results in relation to the objective it aims to accomplish, employed the normative-survey method which standards in this study are established in determining quality data. The facts obtained were subjected for careful classification and thorough analysis and interpretations. The data for this research were collected using a survey questionnaire. The survey was created using suitable questions modified from related research and individual questions formed by the researcher. The survey was comprised of 55 questions, which were related to the variables studied. The questionnaire was made with great care by the researcher and was drafted by the writers with the able assistance of their lead researcher who gave valuable help and suggestions for the quality of the survey. After the formulation of the questionnaire, the schedule and the distribution of the devise was acted upon. After the professor validated the questionnaire, these were distributed to the 4th year students of PUPLH – Manila. The researchers understood that people’s consciousness may also affect their honesty and effectiveness in answering the survey, and so, the researchers gave people the option of being anonymous. Participants were given time to respond and then the researchers collected the surveys. In able for the researchers to secure reliable data and facts for the study from the respondents who could understand the questions, the researcher availed the schedule which is a set of questions asked and filled by the researchers in a face to face situation. In addition, the researcher guided the students who had difficulties in understanding the questionnaire in able for the fact and data recorded were pertinent in the development of the study After all of the required number of questionnaires was answered, the researchers tabulated the data according to their profiles. A tabulation sheet was then used in order for a more systematic and organized tabulation. STATISTICAL TREATMENT After all of the desires respondents had finished answering the questionnaire made a tally of the total number of boy and girl included. The group used Stratified Random Sampling. In this sampling technique, the group got random samples in a population which was composed of several 4th year high school students in PUP Laboratory High school. From each of these sections, the sample size was drawn proportionately by 60 students. The variables given and questions were computed to identify its rank through the number of questions given. The equation used in computing the rank of the variable is as follows: In getting the sample size, the group used the Sloven’s formula which is, n= number of high school students in PUP Laboratory High school, N stands for the whole population of the 4th year High school students of PUP Laboratory High school who were enrolled in school year 2012-2013.   

Educational advances essays

Educational advances essays Tax supported primary schools were scarce in the early years of the Republic. Aristocrats felt that it was not there concern to educate the lower class. 1. They felt that their children would grow up with "brats." 2. They were afraid that poor children would be armed with votes. Tax-supported public education triumphed between 1825-1850. 1. Laborers demanded instruction for their children. 2. Rising manhood suffrage aided the tax-supported public education. The average schoolhouse was one room, one stove, one teacher, and eight grades. The schools stayed open only a few months of the year. Most school teachers were men who were ill tempered and ill paid. They commonly practiced physical abuse. Horace Mann-a brilliant graduate of Brown University, a Secretary of the Massachusetts board of Education. He campaigned for better schoolhouses longer school terms and higher pay for teachers. 1. His influence moved into other states Education was still expressive and considered a luxury. In 1860, the nation counted 100 high schools, and 1,000,000 illiterate white adults. Black slaves in the south were forbidden to learn reading and writing. Noah Webster improved textbooks (readers), the books also promoted patriotism. Noah Webster was the schoolmaster of the republic. William H. McGuffey- He published grade school readers in the 1830's. He books were knows as "McGuffy's Readers." The Second Great Awakening led to the development of small Liberal Arts colleges in the South and West. 1. The did not provide a good education 2. They were for show, and to make America look better. The first state supported university began in the south, Nort ...

Free Essays on Ethics

Ethics is something very hard to be defined in one document, even by some of the greatest philosophers of all time. Although it would be wonderful if we all were utilitarian, I don’t think it is possible. That is simply because human nature is that we put ourselves a little bit higher than everyone else. Some people put themselves on a level much higher than others and some put themselves just above others. I myself care for the fellow man but just as discussed in the book, I care more for family and friends safety than I do for the strangers. I should not however, because they are no better or worse than my family, friends, or me. If everyone was utilitarian everyone would take care of one another, therefore creating a balance of life. Hobbes’ â€Å"Social Contract† is a wonderful piece of work and I believe states a lot of truth. This document has and will continue to open many eyes. The cooperation in society is vital to achieving the desires that we humans strive for. I have become a slight follower of the â€Å"Social Contract,† but I do believe that humans are not just completely selfish. I see that humans also express the ability to help one another out, for no self accomplishments. I am not sure if this is part of human nature or is something that is taught and passed down to each generation. Helping out a person that hasn’t the ability to complete that task is a common everyday thing, but this is most likely something passed down to the children. I say this because you can see that some people will help and some will not, just because of the way they were raised. We must set rules for the society and abide by them, just for our own safety. If we all follow the law, then it is set that a certain action will receive punishment. David Hume did see a degree of altruism in humans, which can be understood, but still I am unable to decide if it is human nature or taught. Impartiality can also be agreed with. I... Free Essays on Ethics Free Essays on Ethics Ethics Ethics can be defined broadly as a set of moral principles or values. Each of us has such a set of values, although we may or may not have clearly expressed them. It is common for people to differ in their moral principles and values and the relative importance they attach to them. These differences reflect life experiences, successes and failures, as well as the influences of parents, teachers, and friends. Ethical behavior is necessary for a society to function in a orderly manner. It can be argued that ethics is the glue that holds a society together. Philosophers, religious organizations, and other groups have defined in various ways ideal sets of moral principles and values. The following are different approaches, from ancient and modern traditions and philosophers, depicting their meaning and understanding of ethics and how it can be applied in ethical decision-making. Utilitarianism was founded by the British philosopher Jeremy Bentham toward the end of the 18th century. He be lieved that all human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain. The principle of utility expresses that actions were right if they tended to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. When faced with a moral dilemma, utilitarianism identifies right and wrong and also considers the consequences that may result. This can be regarded as an appropriate action, but offers no realistic way to gather necessary information to make the required decision. Confronting certain situations in life, there is no time to weigh all possible outcomes and decide the one that provides the greatest benefit to all; majority of predicaments allow just enough time for a person to act on impulse alone. To calculate the welfare of the people involved in or effected by any given situation, utilitarianism requires that all individuals be considered equally. Quantitative utilitarians would contemplate the pleasure and pain th... Free Essays on Ethics Ethics of Spartan Housing ABSTRACT This paper gives the pro’s as well as the cons of the proposed and accepted plan for student housing at the Spartan School of Aeronautics Campus located south of the airport on Pine Street. There are general concerns about the safety of living close to an airport and under the runway that I will discuss in the following pages. I will also give the reasons I believe Spartan have for doing such a costly project at their main campus. Universities and Private Colleges alike are constructing student housing facilities for the students coming into their schools. Many of these schools get government grants that help pay for their construction and many get donations from private and public companies and residents. Other schools that already have housing facilities are remodeling and or upgrading the buildings to accommodate the demands of their students. So now the question arises, why? Why are the schools doing all this and spending all this money for temporary residents? Why are students opting for housing on campus rather than off? Why are students choosing small rooms to share rather than their own apartment? Colleges and Universities spend on an average, twenty-million dollars on construction and or renovating the facilities, so why are they doing it? Though there are many answers, the main one is profit. Schools profit from student housing thru many different ways. Some schools generate an extra income from having their students live, eat, and spend money on campus. Spending money can be interpreted by using the laundry facility, student parking, vending machines, telephone, phone cards, student stores, and all the other little things we purchase at school. Schools use this money to maintain the housing facilities and pay all the utilities for each unit. What happens in the long run is that the housing units become self supporting and at the same time, generates extra income for the sc... Free Essays on Ethics "For many organisations 'ethics' is something to be defined and managed by senior executives. " Consider the arguments for and against this control-oriented position. In today's world it is all too prevalent to see more and more people hungry to gain success at an ever-increasing rate. Modern culture can and indeed is labelled 'greedy' and 'thoughtless'. Through my relatively short time spent in business, I have encountered many of these types of people. But who are they hungry for? Who benefits from their thoughtlessness, and why do they do what they do? More importantly, who is to blame when things don't go according to plan? These are all questions asked constantly in the business domain, questions that often seem to include the word 'ethics' in their answer. Whether we look to consequentialism and always consider the outcome of a particular action, or conform to a more deontological form of ethical thinking and focus on always acting in a manner that seems 'right', I believe that a person cannot always be 'ethical', all of the time. If it were that easy, ethics would be a very small area of study. So what does the word 'ethical' mean? To me, it is to take into account every aspect involved in any given situation, peoples' feelings, thoughts and well-being, both now and in the future, and act as best one can to achieve the most satisfactory outcome for all concerned. From my viewpoint, acting in an ethical manner comes from each and every individual, each having learned from the environment in which they have grown and developed. Should the judgement, therefore, always be left to the individual? This is certainly not the case, as more and more organisations in the business world develop codes of ethics that they expect each member to follow. This definition and management of ethics can be seen as a control-oriented position. This control paradigm for organisational ethics is largely concerned with extracting the best possible results... Free Essays on Ethics If I were to ask one hundred people how they viewed the importance of being honest and ethical in their business practices, I wouldn’t be surprised to get one hundred different answers. Very probably, I would get the answer of â€Å"it depends on the situation†. This seems to be a very normal response when the question of morals and ethics is asked. Besides, who decides what is moral and what is considered proper business ethics. In our case study, we look at the company BlueSuitMom.com and the misleading statements made by its founder, Maria Bailey. The statements she used to help gain customers were misleading to her customers and the public. She’s guilty of adding the names of freelancers and part-timers to the biographies in her business and creating fictitious e-mail addresses to give the impression that there were other people staffing her nonexistent departments. Additionally, she suggested to prospective clients that she had executives from compani es such as Blockbuster and Alamo on staff when she had only received free consulting services from people with those corporations. Many people would say that what she did was smart business savvy, while I say she was wrong for exaggerating the information she used as â€Å"bait† to gain a larger customer base. The question we will examine is â€Å"was it immoral for Maria Bailey to represent her company as she did?† While the case can be argued that every one stretches the truth in business, I don’t believe this to be true. I do know that many companies do stretch the truth, but not all. A major problem in today’s society stems from people failing to recognize the origin of truth and ethics. I believe that these truths come from God and that without the belief in these truths we have a chaotic society. When people want to argue that what may be right for me is not what may be right for you, it leads to confusion. No one seems to want to give credit to its origin, G... Free Essays on Ethics We teach the children only the highest of our ideals, the most virtuous of our values. An integral part of our â€Å"code of chivalry† is Immanuel Kant’s Golden Rule: Do as you would be done by. It is taught as a rule to be followed not only in school, but one to live by. Children never fail to imitate the behavior of their elders. This is a beckoning to us, the people of the village who will raise the child, to illustrate our words, to show that the Golden Rule isn’t just an empty clichà ©. Whether we look to utilitarianism or consequentialism and always consider the outcome of a particular action, or conform to a more deontological form of ethical thinking and focus on always acting in a manner that seems ‘right,’ a beginning of an overview on this subject would serve to shed light on a common, yet far from resolved issue plaguing those who grapple with the issue of the death penalty. In examining the ethical issues surrounding businesses today, it is important that we examine a few types of ethical views in order to better understand this heated issue at hand. The Consequentialist view is that thoughts and actions must be right to make the world a better place, and therefore, the right action is the one that produces the best consequences. Utilitarianism is a form of Consequentialism developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Utilitarianism takes Consequentialism one step further and defines the action that will produce the best consequences as the one that produces the most happiness. Act-utilitarianism holds that each case should be judged separately in terms of which possible action would maximise happiness; this means that there are no rules to follow, but the theory seems to provide a decision-procedure to act upon in that one acts upon a principle of justice. However, as a system of moral analysis, Utilitarianism has a number of difficulties. One of the major problems is the fact that it is extremely diffi... Free Essays on Ethics Ethics is something very hard to be defined in one document, even by some of the greatest philosophers of all time. Although it would be wonderful if we all were utilitarian, I don’t think it is possible. That is simply because human nature is that we put ourselves a little bit higher than everyone else. Some people put themselves on a level much higher than others and some put themselves just above others. I myself care for the fellow man but just as discussed in the book, I care more for family and friends safety than I do for the strangers. I should not however, because they are no better or worse than my family, friends, or me. If everyone was utilitarian everyone would take care of one another, therefore creating a balance of life. Hobbes’ â€Å"Social Contract† is a wonderful piece of work and I believe states a lot of truth. This document has and will continue to open many eyes. The cooperation in society is vital to achieving the desires that we humans strive for. I have become a slight follower of the â€Å"Social Contract,† but I do believe that humans are not just completely selfish. I see that humans also express the ability to help one another out, for no self accomplishments. I am not sure if this is part of human nature or is something that is taught and passed down to each generation. Helping out a person that hasn’t the ability to complete that task is a common everyday thing, but this is most likely something passed down to the children. I say this because you can see that some people will help and some will not, just because of the way they were raised. We must set rules for the society and abide by them, just for our own safety. If we all follow the law, then it is set that a certain action will receive punishment. David Hume did see a degree of altruism in humans, which can be understood, but still I am unable to decide if it is human nature or taught. Impartiality can also be agreed with. I... Free Essays on Ethics Ethics in Decision Making The decision making processes that people go through in their lives can have many different influences. One of the more important influences in the decision making process is the ethics involved in a decision. This begs the question, â€Å"What are ethics?† One definition of ethics could be a structured set of guidelines for personal and professional behavior (Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000). Another definition could be the study of the moral choices people make, and what drives these choices (Houghton Mifflin Company). Regardless, not all decisions carry a significant ethical weight. It is important to recognize the decisions that do have ethical questions attached to them and to weigh the decision against an ethical standard. Ethics can have gray areas and vary from one culture to culture, or even from one person to the next. One person may decide it is ethical to sell a car â€Å"as is†, knowing the car needs expensive servicing or repairs. This person may suppose that the buyer should read into the â€Å"as is† tag and understand the inherent risks associated. This ethical standard could shock someone else who might think it the worst sort of deception. The key is to reflect on the values of the society in which you live, and the personal moral code that one lives by. In a society such as mainstream America, the above sale would be legal and even ethical in most jurisdictions. Ethical standards are particularly applicable to business and professions, and as such are largely constructions of laws. Despite the legality of the aforementioned car sale, such an act would likely be viewed unfavorably by the majority of people in American society. As such, any person who chose to try and make a living selling cars must understand that while the sale was legal, society will not tolerate this and act decisively. People would eventually choose not to buy cars from that person. They would tell their fri... Free Essays on Ethics Aristotle places great emphasis on the moral virtue of temperance in relation to the nature of states of character. In his examination to achieve true temperance Aristotle asserts, â€Å"The general account being of this nature, the account of particular cases is yet more lacking in exactness; for they don not follow under any art or precept, but the agents themselves must in each case consider what is appropriate to the occasion† (-1104a9). He believes that we achieve our own good will, but attaining the good isn’t an exact science, it isn’t precise like math or physics. However, he still attempts to arrive to a definition of true temperance. In defining true temperance Aristotle speaks about human function. He says the enjoyment of pleasure is reasonable and the abstention of pleasure as unreasonable. He says true virtue lies between Self-indulgence and abstention. Therefore, temperance represents the mean lying between excess and abstention. He doesn’t concern himself with a uniform rule, but with something all humans have in common allowing us to act accordingly. In book two of the ethics Aristotle concerns himself with three objects of choice: the noble, the useful, and the pleasant, as well as three objects of avoidance: the base, the harmful, and the painful. These objects motivate one to act or avoid any action. Most people avoid the painful and choose the pleasure, which Aristotle believes is in accordance with virtue. However, continuing to choose pleasure over pain leads to self-indulgence. Therefore, how must one attain the mean? Aristotle declares, â€Å"[to achieve virtue and temperance] that the intermediate state in all things is to be praised, but that we must incline sometimes toward the excess, sometimes toward the deficiency; for so shall we most easily hit the mean and what is right† (1109b28). I agree with Aristotle’s statement affirming that in order to reach the mean, humans must at times pu... Free Essays on Ethics From a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, a stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner is both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would have to analyze the final ruling from a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee couldnt distinguish which parts they were to test under government standards and commercial standards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employees is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The second mitigating factor is the duress or threats that an employee migh... Free Essays on Ethics 1- While reading the â€Å"Merck and River Blindness† case, I was able to identify three important facts about the case that I believe are vital in the decisions to be made. The first fact involves the 1978 World Health Organizations estimation that there are more then 300,000 people who are currently blind because of the effects of Onchocerciasis, and 18 million who were infected by the disease. I believe this figure to be the key because it sheds light on exactly how valuable a cure would be. It may not seem very valuable in an economic sense, but the ability to heal so many people and better their quality of life will be recognized by many. The next key fact is that it takes $200 million in research and 12 years time to bring the average drug to market. After reading this, it is not hard to see why the researching decision is such a vital and complex one. Having an organization devote so many resources to a cause, it should expect a significant return on their investment. F inally, the last key fact I read in the case was that the drug Ivermectin was found to kill parasites in horses that are very similar to the worm found to cause River Blindness in humans. I found this information crucial because the fact that they already had a fully developed, and marketed drug in Ivermectin as their base for the cure to Onchocerciasis, leads me to believe that the cost to research and market a cure would be dramatically less. 2- Assuming Merck does take on this assignment to develop a cure for Onchocerciasis, they will be setting themselves up for a big outcome. Whether the outcome is positive or negative is yet to be determined. Regardless of the outcome, I will identify and briefly discuss two potential costs, and two potential benefits. First, I will discuss two potential costs of going ahead with the investment. I think the clearest potential cost to Merck for attempting this project is the financial resources. Although they may have Ivermect... Free Essays on Ethics Table of Contents Page # Executive Summary 1 Jones Soda’s Vision & Goal 2-3 Measurable Results for Jones Soda 3 Input-Processing-Output Model 4 World, Behavioral, & Business Dimensions 4-6 Timeliness, Exclusiveness, & Accessibility 6-7 Format Required (Graphics, Voice, Video, etc.) 7 Behavioral & Marketing Dimension Interaction 7-9 Organizational Dimension Charts 1 & 2 10 Self-Evaluations 11-12 References 13 Jones Soda’s Vision and Goal The company of Jones Soda began in 1987, when company founder and president, Peter van Stolk, recognized the potential of emerging â€Å"alternative† products in the beverage industry. Jones Soda is a unique company with a vision that is growing with the times. Distribution of Jones Soda began with an â€Å"alternative distribution strategy.† Following the execution of the alternative distribution strategy, Jones began an up and down the street â€Å"attack† of the marketplace; this time placing products in convenience and food stores. Finally, the company has now begun to achieve larger chain store listings with companies such as Starbucks, Safeway, Albertson’s and 7-Eleven stores. Jones Soda has always focused on interacting with the consumer and always keeps up with the demand. Jones Soda has created a trend, and it is a passion not only among soda drinkers but with its employees, directors and shareholders. Jones Soda’s current goal is to e xpand nationally within the next two years. Jones Soda Company develops markets and distributes alternative or new age beverages, including premium soda, diet soda, spring water and energy drinks. We believe that we are creating a new category in the ‘New Age Beverage’ market, and we are offering distributors something new to sell. We se... Free Essays on Ethics Business Ethics Ethics in Business From a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, a stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner is both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would ha ve to analyze the final ruling from a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee couldnt distinguish which parts they were to test under government standards and commercial standards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employees is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The second mitigating factor is the duress or ... Free Essays on Ethics Ethics, Culture, and Hinduism Ethics is a study of moral issues in the fields of individual and collective interaction. The term is also sometimes used more generally to describe issues in arts and sciences, religious beliefs and cultural priorities. The professional fields that deal with ethical issues and include medicine, trading, business, law, and etc. Modern Culture and its Influence on Ethics Modern science has positively influenced general attitudes and beliefs in ethical and moral social code. However, all is not well as far as the health of ethics is concerned. Ethics has not produced the desired effect in eradicating material disparity between haves and have-nots. The plight of vast majority of people in South East Asia, Latin America, and Africa is most pathetic, to say the least. The dollar is now nothing less but 'adored deity' and consequent hankering after materialistic gains has pushed the nobility of ethics and morality into disrepute. Materialistic influence has also led to the general belief that gratification of senses is the only way of enjoyment. This has produced highly selfish mentality without spiritual concept of life. The question of unethical trends cannot be put directly on one individual scientist, but there is no doubt that 'scientific culture' has led to this disparity and discrepancy in making the scarce resources available to all. How to reconcile such diverse trends in ethics? Are they related to prevailing culture? To answer these questions we must know something about culture and civilization. Culture may be defined as a particular stage in civilization associated with certain tastes in art and manners, and also all the knowledge and values, shared and favored by a society or a social group. Civilization means societal norms and aspects of human interrelationship that have advanced and reached a particular state of fossilization based on a given culture. Thus we can talk of Ve... Free Essays on Ethics â€Å"Whenever organisations act, people act, and for every act of an organisation there are at least some acts of individuals such that if these individuals had not performed their acts, and no one else had, then the organisation would not have performed the act attributed to it† (Haworth, 1959). This quote, in my opinion begins to attribute responsibility wholly to individuals, and thus removes any need for a control-oriented approach. Since the organisation as an entity cannot be held responsible, why then should any body of people seek to control the moral judgement and actions of others? If I am likely to be held accountable for my actions, then I know I want to exert my own moral judgement before acting. Therefore, as it appears to me, it is the actions of the people (be it a manager or a cleaner) that are accountable, and consequently the people who are responsible! So why do some organisations take this control-oriented approach? I’m sure that with some it is simply to keep the power in their own hands; these people think they need to have power in order to be successful. However, I think a more pertinent reason as to why some organisations take this approach is to hide behind the organisation themselves. Many individuals within organisations are scared of the book stopping with them so they create a ‘code of ethics’ which, in terms of blame, is large enough to hide behind. Surely then, with the control-oriented approach the organisation should be responsible? On the contrary, with an organisation that employs the autonomous approach, each individual must be responsible for their own actions since they are solely attributable for every part of every move they make. In listing these two types of approaches and the degree of control that they attempt to possess, can it be said of any one organisation that it has successfully adopted a control-oriented or autonomous approach, and that there is no middle ground? I believe... Free Essays on ETHICS Public Relations Code of Ethics Preamble We pledge to be committed, caring, and concerned to all of our employees. As a firm  ¡Ã‚ §pledge to conduct ourselves professionally, with truth, accuracy and responsibility ¡Ã‚ ¨ (Code of Professional Standards of Public Relations). In return we ask all employees to abide by all requirements, rules, and regulations found in the Broadnax ¡Ã‚ ¦s Public Relations Code of Ethics. Each heading provides an extensive overview of what is expected of each employee. It is important that each employee review all of the information provided. If any employee is caught violating any of the rules, regulations and requirements and investigation process will begin. After the investigation process is completed the CEO and General Manger will decided what actions will b taken. If a employee is found guilty suspension or termination may occur. Avoid harm to others Æ’Ã ¦ Each employee is treat others and they want to be treated. Æ’Ã ¦ All employees must respect clients, visitors and other employee ¡Ã‚ ¦s. Æ’Ã ¦  ¡Ã‚ §Harm means injury or negative consequences such as undesirable loss of information, loss of property, damage, or unwanted environmental impacts ¡Ã‚ ¨ (ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct). Æ’Ã ¦ All employees should not discriminate others because of race, religion, disability, sex and all attributes one might possess. Privacy Æ’Ã ¦ Privacy is extremely enforced and mandatory for all current and former employees of Broadnax ¡Ã‚ ¦s Public Relations Firm. Æ’Ã ¦ Privacy is strongly enforced to prevent lawsuits. Æ’Ã ¦  ¡Ã‚ §Communications between practitioner and clients/employers are deemed to be confidential under Article 13 of Code of professional Standards. However although practitioner/client/employer communications are considered confidential between the parties, such as communications are not privileged against disclosure in the court of law ¡Ã‚ ¨ (PRSA, Public Relations Society of Amer... Free Essays on Ethics In America, society’s view of human rights is a complete contradiction. On one hand, we form a deep and heavy opinion on one’s right to life. On the other, we hold an equally strong opinion on one’s freedom to live that life as they please. Clearly, American society has a firm belief in an individuals right to live. Therefore, if one comes to the conclusion that a fetus actually is a true person, then that fetus should receive the protection in regard to a right to live. This society in which we live also holds the firm belief in one’s right to the sovereignty of his or her own body, equal to that of one’s right to live. In this case, it is imperative that we understand what liberties we can and cannot take upon ourselves concerning our lives. Society dictates what we are allowed to do, and how we are allowed to live, by law. Most of Anglo-American laws are written to preserve one’s rights to individuality, and one’s right to take the liberty to live their lives as they see fit. However, laws are also written to undermine those who’s actions compromise the liberties and freedoms of other individuals, thus protecting the concepts and ideals of agency and liberty. Based on our society’s laws, essentially, we believe that what you do to yourself is one’s own choice, and is accepted by law, so long as it does not stop or impede the lives and freedoms of others. The difficulty in this particular conundrum lies within the question of whether an abortion falls into a category of protection of a woman’s right’s over the sovereignty of her own body, or whether it falls into a different category or schema of an action which is not permissible because the baby is a person whose life and freedom is being compromised.... Free Essays on Ethics Aaron Silverstein Ethics By the definition of ethics, â€Å"The rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the members of a profession: medical ethics.†( The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright  © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.), asking someone if they posses them could bring a broad array of answers to the table. Also falling in line with that are the questions of someone’s morals, â€Å"Conforming to standards of what is right or just in behavior; virtuous: a moral life.†(The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright  © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.), which can be directly tied in with ethics. As to if I consider myself to have â€Å"good† morals and ethics, I’d say they both fall under common sense. Saying please and thank you, holding the door for a lady and not chewing with your mouth full, are all typical examples of regular moral values. One’s that are all commonly found in today’s society, one’s that I for one consider common courtesy. To me that may be common courtesy, but to others it would be considered a hassle. So to me the typical thing of just being polite is me being me, not me being ethical or displaying my moral values. Any decent human being knows the difference between right and wrong. Obviously, if you see an old woman struggling to open a door, you’re not going to just walk right by her and continue on your way, that’s not right. The right thing to do would be to take 2 seconds of your life and open the door for her. To me, all of that is common sense. My moral and ethical values have all been instilled in me since birth, so much so that I don’t think twice about me possessing either of them. I was raised in a matter that you do whatever you can to help a person out in their situation to the fullest extent of your capabilities, if you feel that it is right. I add the â€Å"if... Free Essays on Ethics The most recent addition to the Ruffin Series in Business Ethics, edited by R. Edward Freeman, is this significant contribution on moral imagination by Patricia Werhane, who is the Peter and Adele Ruffin Professor of Business Ethics at the Darden Graduate School of Business, University of Virginia. She is uniquely suited to write on this topic, as she has served as editor of Business Ethics Quarterly for ten years, authored many books on business ethics, and has had extensive experience in theory building and research in the area of ethical decision making. Books in this series are aimed at three audiences: management scholars, business ethicists, and business executives. Through a judicious balance of concepts, theory, and examples, Werhane writes in a way that reaches each of the audiences, especially the academic audience. The book strikes me as primarily targeted at scholars who are concerned with the ethics education of managers and executives, which is consistent with the other books in the Ruffin Serie s. As a result, the book is extremely useful to scholars in management and business ethics who are seeking a more thorough, theory-based look at ethics concepts. Since the book is laced with recent and relevant examples, it is useful from both a theoretical and applied perspective. Werhane states her objective to be an exploration of the role of moral imagination in management and corporate decision making. In particular, she aims to provide some fresh insights on two important questions: Why do ordinary, decent managers engage in questionable behavior? and Why do successful companies ignore the ethical dimensions of their processes, decisions, and actions? Her basic argument is that the phenomenon of moral imagination holds the answers to these questions, and she follows others in writing on moral imagination. I first became aware of the concept, as it applies to business ethics, in a book by Powers and Vogel (1980), and I adopte... Free Essays on Ethics Ethics in Business From a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, a stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner is both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would have to analyze the final ruling fro m a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee couldnt distinguish which parts they were to test under government standards and commercial standards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employees is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The second mitigating factor is the duress or ... Free Essays on Ethics Morals within one culture can be a complicated subject. Even within our own country elections can be decided based on whose morals agree with who instead of what is truly best for the country and its people. Considering how complicated just one culture can be. Now imagine comparing and contrasting the thousands of different cultures out there today and the millions of morals that exist in those cultures. It is humanly impossible to judge between these morals and cultures which one living life what some might call the â€Å"right way†. We all come from some background and all of us are biased whether it is apparent to us or not. So though my English teacher in high school, who was a pronounced lesbian, taught us about cultures in Africa that cut out the sexual stimulating part of the female body and to show us how there still exists â€Å"evil people in the world today†. It’s pretty clear she was biased towards females and I don’t believe she had the right to judge that culture negatively. At the time my classmates and I were astonished and couldn’t believe this existed. However none of us actually took the time to look into the culture and learn more about why they do what they do. We judged knowing very little and I blame my English teacher for trying to almost recruit people to her own morals. Now that I’m older and as I read the two pieces on morals I kept thinking about that story and also how much violence and destruction in the world could have been prevented if people didn’t try to physically enforce their morals on others. Unfortunately when morals become sacred and religious to one they feel the need to correct others who aren’t aware of the â€Å"right way† to live. A lot of the problems we see in today’s world stem from people over stepping their bounds and putting their morals on others. I don’t know if I would consider opening a McDonalds in the middle of Islam enforcing m orals on others though it may be offens... Free Essays on Ethics Ethics By: Lisa Ethics can be defined broadly as a set of moral principles or values. Each of us has such a set of values, although we may or may not have clearly expressed them. It is common for people to differ in their moral principles and values and the relative importance they attach to them. These differences reflect life experiences, successes and failures, as well as the influences of parents, teachers, and friends. Ethical behavior is necessary for a society to function in a orderly manner. It can be argued that ethics is the glue that holds a society together. Philosophers, religious organizations, and other groups have defined in various ways ideal sets of moral principles and values. The following are different approaches, from ancient and modern traditions and philosophers, depicting their meaning and understanding of ethics and how it can be applied in ethical decision-making. Utilitarianism was founded by the British philosopher Jeremy Bentham toward the end of the 18th century. He be lieved that all human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain. The principle of utility expresses that actions were right if they tended to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. When faced with a moral dilemma, utilitarianism identifies right and wrong and also considers the consequences that may result. This can be regarded as an appropriate action, but offers no realistic way to gather necessary information to make the required decision. Confronting certain situations in life, there is no time to weigh all possible outcomes and decide the one that provides the greatest benefit to all; majority of predicaments allow just enough time for a person to act on impulse alone. To calculate the welfare of the people involved in or effected by any given situation, utilitarianism requires that all individuals be considered equally. Quantitative utilitarians would contemplate the pleasure an...